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CHIC A C O 




Class _G A4 

Book . M 1 H 5 

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CaEXRSGtfT DEPOSm 



MANUAL FOR 

Harding European History Maps 






NEW 

HISTORICAL WALL MAPS 

Uniform large size, 44x32 inches 

ANCIENT 

Breasted Ancient History Series. 

By James H. Breasted, Ph.D., and Carl F. Huth, Jr., 
University of Chicago. 

Sixteen Maps covering the period to the Fall of the Eoman 
Empire. 

EUROPEAN 

Harding European History Series. 

By Samuel B. Harding, Ph.D., Indiana University. 

Twenty-three Maps from the Barbarian Invasions to the 
Great War. 

AMERICAN 

Hart American History Series. 
By Albert Bushnell Hart, LL.D., Harvard. 
Twenty-three Maps in preparation in 1917. More to follow. 

WORLD 

In preparation. 

For further particulars address 

DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY 

School Map Publishers 
460 E. OHIO ST. CHICAGO, U. S. A. 



PUBLISHERS' NOTE 

The announcement on the opposite page gives a suggestion of the 
very comprehensive plan the publishers have in mind for preparing helps 
for history teachers. Suggestions for the improvement or extension of the 
plans will be welcomed. 

To secure editors who had the unusual combination of scholarship 
and teaching ability was no easy task The publishers acknowledge the 
splendid co-operation of the editors, who often at great personal incon- 
venience and amidst the pressure of other important duties sought to render 
a service for the better teaching of history in American schools. 

In the preparation of each of these series the publishers aimed to pro- 
duce maps that would meet the highest demands of artistic form, arrange- 
ment, and mechanical excellence; at the same time to keep the price of the 
maps within the reach of the most modest school system. The success 
achieved in this direction is due to the skillful and hearty co-operation of 
the craftsmen of the staff. 

The publishers also publish and deal in historical pictures, decora- 
tive pictures, political maps, geographical globes, and anatomical models 
and charts, and will welcome correspondence in regard to any of these 
items from school officials who may be interested. 

A display room is maintained in which maps and pictures of differ- 
ent publishers can be examined and compared, and at which teachers are 
always welcome. The editorial staff gladly gives advice, either person- 
ally or by correspondence as to the best selection of material for a fixed 
appropriation. School officials are urged to use freely this department 
of the institution. 



"History is not intelligible without geography. 
This is obviously "true in the sense that the reader of 
history must learn where are the frontiers of states, where 
wars were fought out, whither colonies were dispatched. 
It is equally, if less obviously, true that geographical 
facts very largely influence the course of history. Even 
the constitutional and social developments within a set- 
tled nation are scarcely independent of them, since 
geographical position affects the nature and extent of 
intercourse with other nations, and therefore the influence 
exerted by foreign ideas. All external relations, hostile 
and peaceful, are based largely on geography, while 
industrial progress depends primarily, though not exclu- 
sively, on matters described in every geography book — 
the natural products of a country, and the facilities 
which its structure affords for trade, both domestic 
and foreign." — H. B. George, Relations of Geography 
and History. 



A TEACHER'S MANUAL 



ACCOMPANYING THE 



HARDING EUROPEAN 
HISTORY MAPS 



BY 

SAMUEL BANNISTER HARDING, Ph.D. 

Professor of European History, Indiana University 



Author of 

New Medieval and Modern History. 

Select Orations Illustrating American History. 

The Story of the Middle Ages. 

The Story of England. 

The Story of Europe, etc., etc. 



DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY 

School Map Publishers 
460 E. Ohio Street, Chicago, U. S. A. 






Copyright, 1917, by Denoyer-Geppert Co. 
Price 75 Cents 



MAY 23 1918 

©CI.A5U1003 



/— • I 



CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Preface 9 

Suggestions to Teachers - n 

MAP 

i. Barbarian Invasions of the Roman Empire 15 

Insets — Europe in 476. 
Europe in 526. 

2. Europe at the Time of Charlemagne 19 

Insets — Europe in 565. 
Europe in 568. 

3. The Holy Roman Empire in the ioth and iith Centuries 22 

Insets — Rome in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. 
London about 1300. 

4. Europe at the Time of the Crusades 30 

Insets — Mohammedan Power about 950. 

Saladin's Empire, together with the Results of the 
Fourth Crusade. 

5. Saxon and Norman England 33 

A. Saxon England in the 8th Century. 

Tnset — Alfred's England. 

B. Norman England, with Routes of William the Conqueror. 

Inset — Earldoms in 1065. 

6. England and France in the Middle Ages 39 

A. Angevin Dominions in 1154. 

Inset — Growth of the French Royal Domain, 
1 180-1337. 

B. France in 1429. 

7. Europe in 1360 43 

Insets — Swiss Confederation, 1291-1513. 
Italy about 1494. 

8. Medieval Commerce and Industries 47 

9. Europe at the Time of Charles V. (1519) 50 

10. Germany at the Time of the Reformation (1547) 54 

Inset — Saxony in 1519. 

7 



8 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

MAP PAGE 

ii. Tudor and Stuart England 57 

A. Tudor England (showing the modern counties as com- 

pleted to 1543). 
Inset — Chief Monasteries before their Dissolution. 

B. The Civil War — Districts held for King and Parliament 

on May 1, 1643. 
Inset — Districts held November 23, 1644. 

12. Europe in 1648 • • 60 

Inset — Acquisitions of Louis XIV. 

13. Europe in 1740, with Partitions of Poland, 1772, 1793, 1795 63 

Inset — Paris in 1789. 

14. Discoveries and Colonization to 1763 67 

Insets — West Indies, 1763. 

India under Clive and Hastings. 

15. Europe at the Time of Napoleon (1810) 71 

Inset — Waterloo Campaign. 

16. Europe after 1815 75 

Inset — Siege of Sebastopol, 1854-55. 

17. The British Isles 78 

A. Scotland — Principal Clans and Families. 

B. Scotland — 1745, showing route of Young Pretender. 

C. Ireland — Principal Clans and Families. 

D. Ireland — 16th and 17th Centuries, showing Plantations. 

E. British Isles — Parliamentary Reform, 1832. 

18. Industrial England 82 

A. England about 1700, showing Population Densities. 

Inset — Coal Areas, as at Present. 

B. England in 1916, showing Population Densities. 

Inset — Industries, 1916. 

19. Modern Italy 86 

A. Unification of Italy, 1815-1870. 

B. Italy in 1916, showing Population Densities. 

20. Modern Germany 89 

Inset — Central Europe, showing Population Densities in 1914. 

21. Balkan States 93 

A. Territorial Changes, 1683-1877. 

B. Territorial Changes, 1878-1914. 

22. The World in 1914 96 

Insets — India in 1858. 

Russo-Japanese War, 1904-05. 

23. Europe in 1914 99 

Inset — Siege of Paris, 1870-71. 
Index to Manual • 102 



PREFACE 

The necessity of adequate map equipment for the satisfactory 
teaching of history is now unquestioned. If, in many cases, teachers 
are still called upon to teach history without a sufficient supply of maps 
— to make "bricks without straw," as the Israelites were forced to do 
in the time of their bondage — it is not because the need of such equip- 
ment is not recognized and proclaimed by every authority which can 
make any pretense to a pedagogical hearing. It is rather because of what 
must be reckoned wholly extraneous considerations — a lack of funds 
with which to make the purchase, the unprogressive character of the 
school officials, or a failure on the part of the teacher himself to realize 
what are the indispensable tools of his calling and by insistence to 
obtain them. 

When this series was undertaken there was a certain reason for 
the lack of maps in high school classes studying European History, owing 
to the fact that there was not then on the American market any very 
satisfactory set of charts or wall maps obtainable at a moderate price. 
It is the purpose of this series to supply this deficiency. In its preparation 
the following points have especially been kept in mind : ( 1 ) To select 
the map subjects which will satisfy the requirements of the most progres- 
sive history instruction. (2) To give upon the face of the maps all needed 
details, such as mountains, rivers, lakes, cities, names, dates of battles, 
etc. (3) To eliminate all unnecessary details, with a view to simplifying 
the maps. (4) By size and style of lettering, and the scheme of color- 
ing, to make the maps readily intelligible at classroom distance. (5) 
To keep down the cost of publication, with a view to bringing the price 
within the means of the most modest school system. 

For information contained in the maps the author is indebted to 
the following atlases: William R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas (Henry 
Holt & Co., New York) ; G. Droysen, Allgemeiner Historischer Hand- 
atlas (Velhagen & Klasing, Bielefeld and Leipzig) ; F. W. Putzger, 

9 



10 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

Historischer Schulatlas, edited by A. Baldamus and E. Schwabe (Vel- 
hagen & Klasing) ; R. L. Poole, Historical Atlas of Modern Europe 
(Clarendon Press, Oxford) ; F. Schrader, Atlas de Geographic His- 
torique (Hachette & Company, Paris) ; P. Vidal de La Blache, Atlas 
de Geographic Historique (Paris) ; K. Spruner von Mertz and T. 
Menke, Handatlas fur die Geschichte des Mittelalters und den neueren 
Zeit (Justus Perthes, Gotha) ; Cambridge Modern History Atlas (The 
Macmillan Company, New York) ; C. G. Robertson and J. G. Bar- 
tholomew, Historical Atlas of Modern Europe (Oxford University 
Press) ; Ramsey Muir, New School Atlas of Modern History (George 
Philip & Son, London) ; S. R. Gardiner, School Atlas of English His- 
tory (Longmans, Green & Co., London) ; etc., etc. In addition he 
must acknowledge a special obligation, beyond that which he owes to 
the numerous historical works which he has consulted on particular 
points, to the admirably arranged information contained in the eleventh 
edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, and to Professor Edward A. 
Freeman's excellent work entitled The Historical Geography of Europe. 

S. B. H. 

Bloomington, Indiana, July, 1917. 



SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS 

Hard and fast rules for the use of these maps can no more be 
laid down than for any other part of the teacher's work. Pupils are 
living human beings, with varying dispositions, intelligences, and previ- 
ous preparation; school systems differ widely from one another; and 
the teacher must work according to his circumstances and his special 
gifts. The suggestions which follow, however, will perhaps be of some 
service. 

As to aims in the use of the maps, the following points should be 
borne in mind: 

1 . The physical features which constitute the permanent frame- 
work of Europe, and of each of its more important subdivisions, should 
be carefully impressed on the pupils' minds. This applies also to the 
other regions of the world with which European history becomes con- 
cerned. Geography does not condition history in any absolute sense, 
but it at least profoundly affects it. 

2. In each case the scales of the maps should be carefully noted. 
All the large maps of Europe are on the uniform scale of 80 miles to the 
inch, while the maps of special areas are on scales bearing simple ratios 
to each other and to the maps of Europe. Pupils should be asked to 
figure out the distances in miles between important places, on the various 
scaled maps. 

3. The changes in political boundaries should be carefully noted. 
These furnish a valuable index to the life history of states — their rise, 
growth, and decay. The relation of boundaries to physical features 
should be dwelt upon and explained. (See George, Relations of 
Geography and History, ch. iii.) 

4. All important places (towns, sites of battles, provinces, etc.) 
should be located on the map. The cultivation of a "place sense" is 
quite as important as that of the "time sense" in making history instruc- 
tion concrete and real. Locations should usually be made with refer- 

11 



12 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

ence to physical features as well as by latitude and longitude; the latter 
as coordinates are artificial and arbitrary. 

5. The use of the map for the study of industrial, commercial, 
and social phenomena is quite as important as for political and military. 
Geography is the chief factor in determining the rise and development of 
towns, the routes of commerce, the localization of industries, and the 
concentration of population. Several maps in this series deal especially 
with these features. 

As to the method of using the maps, the following suggestions will 
be found of value: 

1 . The map or maps which show the regions dealt with should 
hang before the class during the recitation period. The method of 
mounting the maps, which facilitates the easy removal of any map 
desired, makes possible the display simultaneously of as many sheets 
as may be useful. 

2. Pupils should be required to step up to the map and point 
out the leading places, boundaries, etc., dealt with in the lesson. 

3. Topical recitations given by the pupil before the map, pointing 
out each place or feature mentioned, have a very high value. 

4. At times it will be useful to have a pupil, with pointer in hand, 
interpret the map as a whole, i.e., to point out and describe all the his- 
torical features revealed by the map. This is an excellent device for 
synthesizing and coordinating historical knowledge. 

5. The "sequence study" of two or more maps showing the same 
regions at different periods is a most excellent method of review. The 
Index to this manual can be made to serve as a guide to such exercises. 

6. If possible, the pupils should have access to the maps during the 
preparation of their lessons as well as during the recitation. The sug- 
gestive questions which are given in this manual will indicate the sort 
of topics which the teacher should assign at the time of assigning the 
lesson. The lists here given are, of course, far from complete, and 
the teacher can easily expand the topics indefinitely. One way in which 
this can be done is by changing affirmations made in this manual or in 
textbooks into interrogations. 

7. The filling in from time to time of outline maps to show the 
geography of a period or a movement is almost indispensable to sound 



TEACHERS MANUAL 13 

historical knowledge. Nowhere else, perhaps, will the principle of 
"learning by doing" be found so sound pedagogically. Accuracy of 
locations should be insisted upon, for the deviation of a quarter of an 
inch on the pupil's map will often mean a difference of a hundred miles 
or more on the earth's surface. Water colors, wax crayons, or pastels 
can be used for coloring; but some instruction should be given in their 
technique. 

8. Finally, as a means of testing the pupils' knowledge, they 
should at examination time or on other occasions be required to show 
from memory, on blank outline maps furnished them, some of the chief 
historical locations which they have been studying. Probably there is 
no other device which will more certainly make for thorough map study, 
both in their textbooks and in this series. It is only fair, however, that 
this requirement should be announced beforehand, and fairness also 
demands that too much should not be made of it. What the wise 
teacher will demand is understanding — first, last, and all the time; but 
if the study of history is to be of permanent value, as much accuracy 
and definiteness of detail as is possible should be combined with this. 



Harding European History Maps 



MAP 1— BARBARIAN INVASIONS OF THE ROMAN 

EMPIRE 

Main Map. The area of the Roman Empire as it existed in 
375 A.D. is shown by the regions colored yellow. This is also the area 
of classical civilization. The lines separating the Eastern Empire from 
the Western Empire — a separation which was "the great political fea- 
ture of the fifth century" — is also indicated on the map. In the main, 
the frontier which defended the Empire on the north was the line 
of the Rhine and Danube rivers. The chief Roman provinces lying 
along this frontier should be noted — Moesia, Pannonia, Noricum, Raetia 
— for these are the regions which first sustained the shock of the barbarian 
invasions. Attention should also be drawn to the strong strategic position 
of Constantinople. "It is so placed as to protect Asia Minor, Syria, and 
Egypt from invaders coming from the north. Those invaders who crossed 
the Danube, therefore, successively passed on ... to Italy and the 
west; and during the period of the Germanic invasions the eastern part 
of the Empire was, in comparison with the West, left almost intact." 
(Ramsey Muir, Atlas, p. viii.) 

Turning now to the migrations themselves, note first the original 
location of each of the chief Germanic peoples; second the lines of their 
migration; and third the regions of their final settlement. 

The West Goths, perhaps, are the most interesting in their history. 
Impelled by the Huns, whose invasion from Asia is shown by the black 
line, the West Goths crossed the Danube; settled for a time in Thracia, 
following the battle of Adrianople (378) ; then, under their young 
and able leader Alaric, they set out on that career of conquest which 
brought them eventually into Rome itself (410). Following Alaric's 

15 



16 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

death, at Cosenza, on the eve of embarkation for Sicily and Africa, 
the West Goths retraced their steps, crossed the Alps into Gaul, and 
established themselves in the southern portion of that land and the greater 
part of Spain. 

The Vandals, meanwhile, carrying with them a smaller people, 
the Sueves, had wandered southward and westward, crossing the Rhine 
and the Pyrenees, and had established themselves in Spain before the 
coming of the West Goths. The advent of this latter and more power- 
ful folk led the Vandals to cross the Strait of Gibraltar into Africa, 
where they established the second important Germanic kingdom. 

The Burgundians, whom we first meet with in Germany, in the 
same region whence came the Goths and Vandals', had meanwhile 
drifted into Gaul and established themselves (about 443) in those 
lands with which their name is ever afterward associated. 

For a time the Huns exercised a wide, though unstable empire 
in eastern Europe, with its capital in the alluvial plain lying south of the 
Carpathian Mountains. Their spectacular raids under Attila into Gaul 
(451) and Italy (452), together with their final withdrawal into Asia, 
after Attila's death, are shown on the map. 

The fortunes of the East Goths had been bound up with those 
of the Huns since the coming of the latter people into Europe in 375. 
The withdrawal of the Huns to Asia, about 455, released the East 
Goths, who thereupon established themselves in the province of Pannonia. 

At an earlier date a portion of the Franks had drifted across the 
Rhine and established themselves in northeastern Gaul. 

Under the impact of these repeated blows, the Roman Empire in 
the West crumbled into ruins. The withdrawal of the Roman legions 
from Britain rendered possible the conquest of that province by the 
Angles and Saxons (after 449). Finally, the last vestiges of imperial 
power in Italy were overthrown through the establishment of a nominally 
dependent, but really independent, kingdom under the barbarian Odoacer 
(476). 

FlRST INSET. The situation as it existed in 476 is indicated on 
this map. Here we note the presence, in what was formerly the Western 
Empire, of seven Germanic peoples — the Franks, Burgundians, Sueves, 



TEACHER'S MANUAL 17 

West Goths, Vandals, East Goths, and Saxons. Odoacer ruled over 
no single folk, but over a motley kingdom of Romans and barbarian 
mercenaries. One continental region alone in the West remained under 
Roman rule — the so-called Kingdom of Syagrius, a Roman ruler who 
exercised almost complete sovereignty in the valley of the Seine until he 
was overthrown by Clovis in 486. 

SECOND Inset. The establishment of the East Goths in Italy 
in 493 through the overthrow of Odoacer may be said to mark the com- 
pletion of this stage of barbarian invasions. Their king, Theodoric, 
established a powerful but short-lived kingdom, whose extent is indi- 
cated on this map. The situation here shown is that which existed at 
Theodoric's death in 526. This inset is also of interest as showing the 
rapid and permanent increase of the Frankish power under Clovis (481- 
511) and his sons. 

SUMMARY. The result of the barbarian invasions is that the west- 
ern dominions of Rome, including Italy and Rome itself, have practi- 
cally, if not everywhere formally, fallen away from the Roman Empire. 
The whole West is under the rule of Teutonic kings. "But the countries 
of the European mainland, though cut off from Roman political dominion, 
are far from being cut off from Roman influences. The Teutonic set- 
tlers, if conquerors, are also disciples. Their rulers are everywhere Chris- 
tian; in northern Gaul they are even Orthodox." (Freeman, Histori- 
cal Geography of Europe, p. 104.) In the Eastern Roman Empire, 
on the other hand, no change is shown. "The Eastern Empire indeed 
was often traversed by wandering Teutonic nations; Teutonic powers 
arose for a while on its frontiers; but no permanent Teutonic settlement 
was ever made within its borders, no dismemberment of its provinces 
capable of being marked on the map was made, whether by Teutonic 
or by any other invaders, till a much later time." (Freeman, p. 84.) 

QUESTIONS 

Compare this map with a modern map of Europe, and note the 
countries which were never under Roman rule. Which of the countries 



18 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

included in the Roman Empire still speak" "Romance" languages, i.e., 
languages derived from the Latin? Note the chief provinces which lay 
alongside the Rhine-Danube frontier; note also the locations of the chief 
Germanic tribes about 375 A.D. Why did not the Germans over- 
run Asia Minor? 

Follow with the pointer the line of march of the West Goths, re- 
citing the dates and stages of their progress. Do the same for the East 
Goths; the Vandals; the Burgundians; the Lombards. 

Point out on the first inset the political divisions as they existed in 
476. Compare with this the second inset, and show the changes which 
had taken place between 476 and 526. 



MAP 2— EUROPE AT THE TIME OF CHARLEMAGNE 

INSETS. The insets on this sheet show the more important develop- 
ments, so far as they are related to boundary changes, in the period 
between the death of Theodoric in 526 and the accession of Charlemagne 
as King of the Franks in 768. The first inset shows Europe in 565, 
at the death of Justinian, Emperor of the East. Through successful 
warfare he had overthrown the Vandals in Africa and the East Goths 
in Italy. The result is the recovery for the Empire of a large portion 
of the lands in the West which had passed under barbarian rule. The 
recovery, however, was short-lived. The second inset, showing Europe 
in 568, reveals yet another Germanic people who have established them- 
selves on Roman soil — the Lombards. On Map 1 are shown the migra- 
tions of this folk from the land about the lower Elbe to the region north 
of the bend of the Danube and thence into Pannonia. The first inset on 
Map 2 shows them established in the latter province, whence they passed 
into Italy during the disorder which followed Justinian's death. These 
insets reveal also the further growth of the Franks through the conquest 
of the lands occupied by the Burgundians, Alamannians, and Thurin- 
gians. One other factor in the second inset should be noted, namely, 
the advent of a new and powerful Asiatic folk, the Avars, in the region 
formerly occupied by Attila and his Huns. Here they were to remain 
until the overthrow of their kingdom by Charlemagne in 796, after which 
they disappear from history. 

Main Map. Turning now to the main map: (1) Note the 
wide extension of the Slavic peoples, who had occupied the lands va- 
cated by the Germans between the Oder and the Elbe and had pressed 
far down into the interior of the Balkan Peninsula. (2) Note also 
the great decline in area of the Eastern Roman Empire through the 
conquests of the Mohammedans; it still retained, however, a portion 
of the lands recovered for it by Justinian, namely, the islands of Sar- 
dinia and Sicily, and several districts in southern Italy. (3) The vast 

19 



20 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

extent of the Mohammedan conquests also calls for notice (more de- 
tailed information concerning this subject is given on Map 4). Within 
fourscore years following the death of Mohammed, in 632, his fol- 
lowers had conquered more territory than did ancient Rome in four 
centuries. Spain had fallen into their hands in 711. The Mediter- 
ranean lands of Africa, in which were some of the most flourishing 
provinces of the Roman Empire, sank gradually under the blight of 
Mohammedan rule into that stagnation and barbarism from which they 
were to be rescued only in the nineteenth century by new European con- 
quest and occupation. In Charlemagne's day this Saracen empire was 
at the height of its civilization. But its power was weakened — first by 
Charles Martel at Tours in 732, and secondly by its separation, since 
750, into the Ommiad Caliphate of Cordova in Spain, and the Caliphate 
of the Abbassids with capital at Bagdad. Though Mohammedanism 
continued dangerous to Italy and the western Mediterranean, it no longer 
menaced Europe as a whole. (4) The extension of the conquests of 
the Angles and Saxons to almost the limits of modern England is also 
shown; as is also the (5) consolidation of the remnant of the Chris- 
tian population in northwestern Spain into the Kingdom of Asturias. 

The main fact, however, witnessed to on this map is (6) the de- 
velopment of the Frankish Kingdom — the only Germanic power estab- 
lished on the continent by the Germanic invasions which was to endure. 
The long continued wars of Charlemagne had increased the area of this 
kingdom by the establishment of the Spanish March, the conquest of the 
Lombard Kingdom in Italy, and the subjugation of the hitherto heathen 
Saxons. Charlemagne's effective rule, therefore, extended from the Eng- 
lish Channel and the Bay of Biscay on the west to the middle course of 
the Elbe and the Bohemian Forest on the east; and from the North 
Sea and the Danish border on the north to some thirty miles south of 
Rome. In addition we should note the fringe of tributary Slavic peoples 
to the east, whose limit is shown by the shaded green line. The truly 
imperial extent of this domain was the real reason for and justification 
of Charlemagne's assumption of the title Emperor on that famous Christ- 
mas Day at Rome in the year 800. 

A fact of no less importance than the extent of Charlemagne's 
Empire is the division of that Empire among his three grandsons in 



TEACHER'S MANUAL 21 

843, which is also shown on this map. The portion assigned in the Par- 
tition of Verdun to Charles the Bald, and that given to his ally, Louis 
the German, are colored dark green on the face of the map. The "mid- 
dle strip" and Italy, which were ruled by their elder brother Lothair, 
are indicated in a lighter shade of green. The portions of Charles and 
Louis, the differing languages of which are shown in the famous Strass- 
burg Oaths of 842, are the starting points of the modern states of France 
and Germany. The portion of Lothair, however, possessed neither 
racial nor linguistic unity; its parts, therefore, were to be for ten cen- 
turies the object of conquests and a chief seat of European wars. In 
so far as the Great War of 1 9 1 4 is connected with the desire of the 
French to recover Alsace-Lorraine, ceded to Germany in 1871, it too 
may be traced back in its causation to this important partition of 843. 

In conclusion, two further points should be noted: first, the con- 
tinued existence in southern Italy of a remnant of Lombard power in 
the Duchy of Benevento: and second, a small area at the head of the 
Adriatic still nominally subject to the Eastern Empire, which was to 
become the independent domain of the Republic of Venice. 

QUESTIONS 

Compare the first inset on this map with the second inset on Map 1 , 
and show the chief territorial changes which took place between 526 and 
565. Show on the second inset the changes which took place between 
565 and 568. 

Compare the main map with the second inset. What increases in 
territory are shown in the Frankish Kingdom? What changes in Spain? 
In Italy? Trace the limits of effective rule of Charlemagne's Empire. 
Show the fringe of tributary countries to the east. Why did Charle- 
magne not seek to bring these regions under his effective rule? Point 
out on the map the site of the battle of Testry, of Tours (or Poitiers), 
of Roncevalles, of Fontenay. Point out and state the historical signifi- 
cance of: Aix-la-Chapelle, Paderborn, Verden, Verdun, Pavia, Ra- 
venna, Mersen, Kiersy. 

Trace on the map the lines of the Partition of Verdun. In what 
consists the historical importance of this Partition? 



MAP 3— HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE 

Main Map. Here is shown the Holy Roman Empire as refounded 
by Otto I in 962. Its area is smaller than that of the empire of Charle- 
magne, for France is excluded from it. As a result, "the character of 
universality, which had come naturally to the earlier empire, was want- 
ing to that of Otto." Nevertheless, vague theories of the Empire as a 
World-State, the divinely appointed counterpart of the World-Papacy, 
play an important part throughout the Middle Ages. This Empire lasts 
in some sort until its dissolution in 1 806 ; but in its later period it had 
become, in the language of that witty Frenchman, Voltaire, "neither 
Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire." 

The line which bounded the Empire on the west was (after the in- 
clusion of Burgundy, in 1032) the western line of the Partition of Ver- 
dun (843). Upon the east the boundary is roughly that which limited 
the tributary portion of Charlemagne's dominions (see Map 2). The 
land boundary on the north was the little River Eider, in the Peninsula 
of Denmark. On the south its extent was somewhat indefinite, but it 
may be considered as reaching to about thirty miles south of Rome. 
The southernmost parts of Italy were never properly a part of the Em- 
pire (see Map 4). 

Three kingdoms were included in the Empire: the Kingdom of 
Germany, the Kingdom of Burgundy (after 1032), and the Kingdom 
of Italy. The crown of the first was assumed at Aix-la-Chapelle, once 
the favorite residence of Charlemagne; that of the second at Besancon; 
that of the third at Pavia or Milan. Not until he was crowned by 
the Pope at Rome, however, might the ruler call himself "Emperor"; 
until that time he was strictly only "King of the Romans" or Emperor 
elect. 

The most instructive features on this map are the stem duchies 
(so called) which make up the Kingdom of Germany. The whole of 
Germany at this time was divided into some six or eight large sub-divi- 

22 



TEACHERS MANUAL 23 

sions, each inhabited by a definite branch or stem of the German people ; 
thus a certain amount of national feeling, with unity of dialect and insti- 
tutions, was the basis on which these stem duchies rested. A fairly 
accurate knowledge of the location of each of these subdivisions is im- 
portant, as their names persist as regional designations long after their 
disappearance as political divisions. The later chaotic map of Ger- 
many arises by historical steps out of the disintegration of the stem duchies 
of the tenth and eleventh centuries. Four of these stem duchies — Saxony, 
Franconia, Swabia, and Bavaria — play an especially prominent part in 
this period. 

( 1 ) Saxony embraced the flat plains through which flowed the 
rivers Ems, Weser, and the lower course of the Elbe; the only moun- 
tainous region was that of the Harz, which lay in the southeast about 
Goslar. Beyond lay the hill country of Thuringia, which could be re- 
garded as a Saxon dependency. The Saxon land, whose inhabitants 
till the time of Charlemagne were heathen, had become within a hun- 
dred years of his death the most powerful of the German duchies, giving 
a line of rulers (the Ottos) to the Empire and contributing to it its most 
virile forces. There can be little doubt, however, that Christianity and 
the Roman-Frankish civilization for some time remained a mere veneer 
over barbaric heathenism. 

(2) Franconia occupied the valley of the Main, the middle course 
of the Rhine, and the lower course of the Neckar. It derived its name 
from the Franks who conquered it, and under whom it was known as 
Eastern Frankland (Francia Orienialis). The most numerous and 
richest cities, together with the seats of the greatest German bishoprics, 
were here; in addition, its central location on the Rhine and its tribu- 
taries gave it control of the most important lines of travel. It, too, gave 
rulers to Germany, first in the days of Henry I the Fowler, and again 
in the eleventh and twelfth centuries under the Franconian or Salian 
line of emperors. 

(3) Srvabia lay to the south of Franconia, and embraced the 
mountainous lands about the upper courses of the Rhine and the Danube ; 
it thus included practically all of what is now eastern Switzerland. Its 
western boundary for a considerable way was the Vosges mountains, 
its eastern the River Lech. This region was the original home-land 



24 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

of the three most powerful ruling houses that Germany has ever pro- 
duced — the Hohenstaufen, the Hapsburg, and the Hohenzollern — whose 
castles are shown upon the map. Because of its juxtaposition with Italy 
and Burgundy, this was a land of flourishing monasteries, bishoprics, 
and important cities, and it too had its share in the commerce between 
Germany and the South. This land was at one time the seat of the 
Alamannians, who were conquered by the Franks in the days of Clovis 

(596). 

(4) Bavaria, the last of the four great duchies, lies to the east 
of Swabia, and stretches from the River Lech on the west to the River 
Enns on the east, and from the Bohemian Forest on the north to the 
Alps on the south. It is the only one of these four divisions which 
exists at the present time, and in its former location, as a separate state 
of Germany — for the Saxony of today has shifted to the southeast, to 
a region entirely outside of the original duchy of that name. 

Of the other divisions of Germany notice should be taken first of 
Lorraine, here shown divided into two duchies, Upper and Lower Lor- 
raine, a division which dates from 959. This important region, com- 
prising as it does the valleys of the Meuse and Moselle rivers, failed 
to play the important part in German affairs which it otherwise would 
have played because of its wavering allegiance as between France and 
the Empire. It remained, however, a most important region because 
of the fact that it controlled important waterways, and had within its 
borders the German capital, Aix-la-Chapelle, together with such other 
important places as Cologne, Treves, Metz, and Verdun. Friesland 
in the earlier Middle Ages is of comparative unimportance, because of 
the poverty of its soil and the backwardness of its inhabitants. The 
difference in outline of the Zuider Zee, and the coasts of Friesland and 
Flanders, from the same features in the modern map should be noted. 
These differences are the result of the ceaseless action of the North 
Sea since those days, especially in the 1 2th century. 

Speaking of changes in the physical features of Europe, Mr. H. 
B. George says: "The greatest change of this kind that Europe has 
witnessed since history began is the conversion of the Zuider Zee, once 
an inland lagoon, into an arm of the sea. This added to the facilities 
for maritime development which Holland possessed ; but it did not create 



TEACHER'S MANUAL 25 

them, and therefore is of little historical importance." (The Relations of 
Geography and History, p. 10.) 

Bohemia and Moravia, although included within the Kingdom of 
Germany, were inhabited by Slavs and not by Germans; the King of 
Bohemia becomes in the twelfth century one of the seven electors of 
the Empire, but it is not until the days of the Emperor Charles IV 
that Bohemia itself plays a leading part. The Duchy of Carinthia, 
with its dependencies Styria and Carniola, was also largely Slavic in 
inhabitants. 

A feature of the map of Germany in this period which is of spe- 
cial interest is the fringe of "march" or border lands which lay along 
the eastern frontier. These also were originally inhabited by Slavs, and 
were part of the tributary lands under Charlemagne. After Charle- 
magne's day, German conquest and colonization brought these regions 
into the Empire. This is one of the first steps in an eastward expan- 
sion of Germany, carrying alike German civilization and Christianity 
into lands hitherto Slavic and heathen; it is one of the most important 
features of the medieval history of Germany. The political position 
of these border districts was also not without its importance; for because 
of their exposed situation, the counts who ruled over them perforce were 
given a degree of independence and power without parallel in more 
protected regions. It is not surprising, therefore, that two of these 
marches were converted by the energetic action of their holders into 
important German states later on. The Saxon North March 
becomes Brandenburg, which in turn is the nucleus of the present 
Kingdom of Prussia; and the Bavarian East March develops into the 
Grand Duchy of Austria, which is still the center of the Hapsburg 
power. 

Special mention must be made of the Kingdom of Burgundy, or 
as it was sometimes called, the Kingdom of Aries, from its chief city. 
"It would be hard to mention any geographical name," says Bryce, 
"which, by its application at different times to different districts, has 
caused and continues to cause more confusion than this name Burgundy." 
He proceeds (in Appendix A to his Holy Roman Empire) to indicate 
ten separate meanings which have attached to this name: of these we 
need here only note, first, its use to designate the original seat of the 



26 EUROPEAN' HISTORY MAPS 

Burgundians as shown on the second inset to Map 1 ; second, the Duchy 
of Burgundy in France, which was a part of the former district, but 
is excluded from the Kingdom of Burgundy shown on this map. This 
kingdom was formed in 932 by the union of the southern part, known 
as the Kingdom of Provence or Lower Burgundy, with the Kingdom 
of Transjurane or Upper Burgundy, both of which are reckoned among 
the "little kingdoms" which arose through the disintegration of the 
Carolingian Empire about 888. This Kingdom of Burgundy, upon 
the death, in 1032, of its last independent king, came — partly by be- 
quest and partly by conquest — into the hands of the Emperor Conrad 
II, and thenceforth formed a part of the Holy Roman Empire. In 
the thirteenth century France began to absorb it, bit by bit; by the nine- 
teenth century the whole of it, except the western portion of Switzerland 
had become a part of France. 

• The Kingdom of Italy, which by the Partition of Verdun (in 
843) was assigned to Lothair, together with Burgundy and Lorraine, 
had in 855 become a separate kingdom under Lothair's son. In the 
disintegration of the Carolingian Empire it passed from claimant to 
claimant, and became the object of rivalry between the heads of vari- 
ous petty houses in Italy, chiefly those ruling the March of Verona and 
the Duchy of Spoleto. From this condition it was rescued by the Ger- 
man King, Otto I, who in 952, at the time of his first Italian expedition, 
assumed the "iron crown" of Italy at Pavia. Thenceforth, the for- 
tunes of Italy to the close of the Middle Ages are indissolubly linked 
with those of Germany, to the injury of both countries. The chief divi- 
sions of Italy at this time were Lombard)}, the nucleus of Charlemagne's 
Kingdom of Italy; the March of Verona, which was sometimes reck- 
oned a part of Germany and sometimes of Italy; the Duchy of Tuscany, 
which includes the valley of the Arno and the regions for some distance 
south, and was for a time a subject of controversy between Pope and 
Emperor; the Papal Stales, which the Pope, by virtue of grants from 
Carolingian rulers, claimed to rule as an independent state; and various 
Lombard and Greek principalities in the south, which the prowess of cer- 
tain Norman chiefs converted, in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, into 
a powerful Kingdom of Naples and Sicily, held in fief of the Pope as 
suzerain (see Map 4). By marriage with the heiress of this Norman 



TEACHER'S MANUAL 27 

line, the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily passed, in 1 1 83, to the infant 
Frederick II, of the Hohenstaufen house. The portion of the Papal 
States marked with border color only was claimed by the Papacy, but 
was not always ruled by it. 

A careful study of this map is essential to the understanding of 
the great contests between Papacy and Empire — the Investiture Con- 
flict, begun by Pope Gregory VII against the Franconian Emperor 
Henry IV, and terminated by the Concordat of Worms in 1122; and 
the equally important contests of the Popes with the Hohenstaufen em- 
perors, Frederick Barbarossa and Frederick II. The towns in Lom- 
bardy and the March of Verona whose names are underlined were mem- 
bers of the Lombard League, called into existence in 1067 to combat 
the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. On this map, as on others in the 
series, the sites of the most important battles are indicated by a special 
symbol with date. 

INSETS. The insets on this map show Rome in the Middle Ages 
and at the time of the Renaissance, and London about the year 1 300. 

( 1 ) As the seat of the Papacy, Rome throughout the Middle 
Ages was in a strict sense the capital of Europe. It -was the center to 
which pilgrimages were made, where Emperors were crowned, and 
whither ambassadors and churchmen resorted in the prosecution of the 
endless business created by vexed questions of religion and politics. A 
knowledge of its internal topography, therefore, is of importance to 
the understanding of many episodes in the history of that time. The 
limits of the city under the old Roman Empire were the Aurelian 
walls, erected in the third century, A.D. In the ninth century, as a 
defense in part against Saracen raids, Pope Leo IV erected the wall 
marked with his name on the map, which for the first time included 
what was thenceforth known as the Leonine City on the Vatican hill. 
Here was located the old basilica of St. Peter's, and the Vatican Palace, 
which becomes the favorite residence of the Popes. It should be noted 
that the ground plan of St. Peter's here shown is that of the old basilica, 
which dated from the early Middle Ages, and not the modern St. Peter's, 
which was erected in the 1 6th century. In the seventeenth century, the 
area of the Leonine City was enlarged through the erection of the wall 



28 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

of Pope Urban VIII, which also took in a considerable tract to the 
south, on the right bank of the Tiber, which hitherto had been without 
the wall. 

A special point of interest in the defenses of Rome is the Castle of 
St. Angelo, the fortress with which the Popes at once defended the 
Leonine City against attacks from without and at the same time over- 
awed their rebellious subjects of Rome. This fortress was originally 
the mausoleum of the Emperor Hadrian; it was converted in the course 
of the Middle Ages into a stone castle, of the medieval type. 

The churches whose names are underscored on the map are those 
from which the cardinal bishops took their titles, and which were promi- 
nent centers of pilgrimage. A considerable number of the other churches 
of medieval Rome are indicated by crosses; of these the most important 
historically have index numbers attached, by which their names may 
be found in the reference list. The same is true of the more important 
secular buildings of the period, such as the Borghese, Farnese, and 
Colonna palaces, etc. The more important structures surviving from 
ancient Roman days are indicated in the outline (blue) color. 

(2) The plan of London, which is here given, requires little 
explanation, as the names of the most important places are plainly to 
be seen upon the map itself. The region included within the wall of 
London is approximately that of the old Roman city. It should be 
noted that many of the most important places of modern London, such as 
the Charter House, the Temple, and Westminster, are at considerable 
distances outside of the city proper. 

QUESTIONS 

Trace the boundaries of the Holy Roman Empire in 962. After 
1032. Why is Venice excluded from the Empire? Compare the 
eastern boundary of the Empire with the eastern boundary of Charle- 
magne's tributary territory. What line on Map 2 is reproduced as the 
western boundary of the Empire after 1 032 ? 

Name the chief rivers, physical features, and towns of Saxony. 
Of Franconia. Of Swabia. Of Bavaria. Of Carinthia (including its 
dependencies Styria, Camiola, Istria, and the March of Verona). Of 



TEACHERS MANUAL 29 

Lower Lorraine. Of Upper Lorraine. Of the Kingdom of Burgundy. 
Of Friesland. Of Thuringia. Of Bohemia and Moravia. Of Lom- 
bardy. Of Tuscany. Of the Papal States. Point out the location of 
the Saxon North March and the Bavarian East March. What terri- 
torial divisions later developed from these? 

Point out the location of the castles Hohenstaufen, Hapsburg, and 
Hohenzollern. Of the battles of the Lechfeld, Legnano, Bouvines, and 
Sempach, stating the parties and circumstances of each. Point out the 
following and state the importance of each in the history of the church: 
Cluny, Citeaux, Grande Chartreuse, St. Gall. Point out the places 
prominent in the Investiture Conflict; in the conflict of Frederick I with 
the Papacy; of Frederick II. 

Locate the church of St. John Lateran, "the mother and head of 
all churches" ; of St. Peter's, the later papal church. Point out the other 
five "greater churches" of the Roman district. What advantages did the 
Vatican Palace have as a place of residence for the Pope over the 
Lateran Palace? In what consisted the military importance of the Castle 
of St. Angelo? What event in the reign of the Emperor Constantine is 
associated with the Milvian Bridge? 

Locate on the map of London the churches of St. Paul and West- 
minster, and the monasteries of the Carthusian monks (Charter House), 
the Grey Friars, Black Friars, Augustine Friars, and of the Knights 
Templars (the Temple). Compare the part played by the Tower with 
reference to London to that played by the Castle of St. Angelo in the 
history of medieval Rome. For what is the Tabard noted? Billings- 
gate? Lombard street? Fleet street (later) ? Find out what you can 
concerning the appearance of London Bridge in the Middle Ages. What 
historical importance attaches to Westminster Hall? What is the pres- 
ent association with Westminster (the Abbey) ? 



MAP 4— EUROPE AT THE TIME OF THE CRUSADES 

FlRST INSET. In one aspect the Crusades may be regarded as a 
phase of that age-long conflict between East and West, Mohammedan 
and Christian, for the possession of the lands about the eastern Mediter- 
ranean. This inset represents that startling expansion of Mohammedan 
power which initiated the conflict. Up to the time of Mohammed's 
death, in 632, only Arabia, the darkest colored region on the inset, had 
accepted his religion and acknowledged Mohammedan sway. Under 
his first four successors there were added the regions colored buff — Syria, 
Egypt, Armenia, and Persia. The areas colored yellow indicate further 
conquests to 950. The Mohammedan power had thus become, by the 
time of the Crusades, a vast empire stretching from the Pyrenees and the 
Strait of Gibraltar, on the west, to the Indus on the east. 

This empire, however, as is shown by the main map, was not 
under a single rule. In the west were the dominions of the Almoravids, 
a Moorish people; in the center was the Caliphate of Cairo, a schismatic 
Mohammedan state ; while in the east the dominant power was that of the 
Seljuk Turfys, a rude, barbarian, warlike horde, whose sultans had re- 
cently overthrown the more cultured but less virile caliphs of Bagdad. 

Main Map. The substitution of the brutal and intolerant rule of 
the Seljuk Turks for that of the enlightened Saracens was one of the 
chief causes of the Crusades. The map shows the situation in Europe at 
the time of the Crusades, together with the routes of the chief expeditions 
to the Holy Land. With reference to the first topic, we note the con- 
nection which existed between ( 1 ) England and Normandy at this time. 
The green border to Normandy indicating that, although England was 
an independent kingdom, its king as Duke of Normandy was a vassal of 
the King of France after 1 066. (2) In Spain the map shows the growth 
of the Christian areas and their organization into the kingdoms of Leon 
(with its counties of Portugal and Castile), of Navarre, and of Aragon. 

30 



TEACHER'S MANUAL 31 

The County of Barcelona, it should be noted, was at this time under 
French rule. (3) In Italy the Papal States now definitely appear, and 
the Norman Principalities in Sicily and Southern Italy, the result of con- 
quests made by Norman knights at the expense of various East Roman, 
Lombard, and Saracen rulers. (4) The extent and internal constitution 
of the Holy Roman Empire is more clearly shown on the preceding map 
(Map 3). (5) In Eastern Europe we see, first, the formation of the 
Slavic lands of Serbia, Croatia, Poland, Pomerania, and Russia; and 
also of the Magyar Kingdom of Hungary, formed by new Asiatic immi- 
grants in the tenth century, in the land formerly occupied by their fore- 
runners, the Huns and Avars. (6) The Eastern Roman Empire is here 
shown as it existed after the partial recovery of its dominions in Asia 
Minor as a result of the Pirst Crusade. At the beginning of that move- 
ment it had entirely lost its possessions in Asia Minor. On the other hand, 
in 1018 the Empire had overthrown the Kingdom of the Bulgarians, 
which was first established south of the Danube in 679, and which at its 
greatest height extended from the Adriatic to the Black Sea and from 
the Danube to the border of Thessaly. 

The Crusading routes shown on the map are those of the First, 
Second, Third, and Fourth Crusades, and of the Crusades of Louis IX 
of France, which are often numbered the Sixth and Seventh. As an 
additional aid to the identification of these routes, one dot between dashes 
is used for the First Crusade, two for the Second, three for the Third, 
and four for the Fourth. 

The condition shown in the Eastern Mediterranean is that which 
existed about 1 1 40, and indicates the territorial changes made by the First 
Crusade. The area of the Eastern Roman Empire in Asia Minor is 
thus considerably larger than it was in 1 097; while the Crusading govern- 
ments of Jerusalem, Tripoli, Antioch, and Edessa are wholly new crea- 
tions. The County of Edessa speedily disappears from the map; its fall 
was the occasion of the Second Crusade. On this map, as well as on 
other maps of the series, the chief sites of battles are indicated by crossed 
swords with dates. 

SECOND INSET. The second inset shows ( 1 ) the Empire of 
Saladin, whose conquest of Jerusalem in 1087 was the immediate occa- 



32 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

sion for the Third Crusade. It shows (2) the results of the Fourth 
Crusade of 1 202-04. These include the establishment of the Latin Em- 
pire of Constantinople, which lasted until 1261, and the establishment of 
Venetian rule in Crete, Rhodes, Negropont (Euboea), and elsewhere in 
the East. The fragments of the Greek (East Roman) Empire are here 
shown in the areas named Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond, 
Albania, and Epirus. 

QUESTIONS 

On the first inset trace the chronological order of the Mohammedan 
conquests. What regions ruled by them had been a part of the ancient 
Roman Empire? What portions of the Roman Empire were still uncon- 
quered by them in 950? Compare the extent of Mohammedan territory 
with Christian territory. What element of weakness in the Mohammedan 
power is shown in the main map? 

Describe the territorial power of the chief European states at the 
time of the First Crusade, — England, France, the Holy Roman Empire, 
the Spanish Kingdoms, the Norman Principalities of Naples and Sicily, 
the Slavic countries of Eastern Europe (including Hungary), the East- 
ern Roman Empire (note that in 1097 the whole of Asia Minor had 
been lost by the Empire) . 

Trace the routes of the First Crusade. Of the Second Crusade. 
Of the English, French, and Germans respectively on the Third Cru- 
sade. Why do the later Crusades go by water? Why was the first 
Crusade of Louis IX directed to Egypt rather than to Palestine? Point 
out the four Crusading states established after the First Crusade. Point 
out the country of the "Assassins" (or of the Old Man of the Mountain) 
and tell the story of this people. 

On the second inset point out the extent of Saladin's Empire. Of 
the Latin Empire of Constantinople (established by the Fourth Cru- 
sade). Of the remnants of the Greek Empire. Of the gains made by 
Venice in that Crusade. 



MAP 5— SAXON AND NORMAN ENGLAND 

The four maps on this sheet are designed to show the chief events 
in English history up to the twelfth century. 

FlRST Map. This map, entitled "Saxon England in the Eighth 
Century," gives the starting point. On this map are shown: (1) the 
chief physical features which influenced early English history, (2) the 
great system of roads constructed by the Romans, which constituted 
the chief routes of communication to the end of the Middle Ages, and 
(3) the so-called Heptarchic kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon period. The 
extensive forest areas in Sussex and Kent, and the marsh lands about the 
Wash should be noted, as these constituted formidable obstacles to com- 
munication and played important parts in the history of conquest and 
migration. The fact that the longest and most important rivers of Eng- 
land flow eastward, and that the best harbors are on the eastern and 
southern coasts, made invasion from the continent easy and facilitated 
commerce. The portions of the coast left white about the Wash in 
East Anglia, and at the junction of Kent and Sussex, represent regions 
then under water, but since built up as solid land. Even in Roman 
days London was marked out to be the future capital of the kingdom, — 
by its location on the chief navigable river of the island; by its possession 
of a first-class harbor; and by the concentration there, at the lowest 
point at which the Thames could be bridged, of the Roman roads leading 
from the Channel ports and radiating northward and westward to all 
parts of the kingdom. 

Of the seven English kingdoms here shown, Essex, Sussex, and 
Wessex were occupied by the Saxons; Northumbria (with its subking- 
doms, Bernicia and Delta) , Metcia and East Anglia were settled by 
the Angles; while Kent was originally occupied by the Jutes, the first 
of all the Teutonic invaders to effect a lodgment on British shores. 
Originally there were a larger number of small kingdoms, of various 

33 



34 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

English folks; these are here represented as consolidated into the seven 
principal ones. West Wales, North Wales, and Strathclyde were still, 
in the eighth century, under the sway of various Celtic tribes. In Scot- 
land were wild tribes of Picts and Scots, the latter recent immigrants 
from Ireland. 

The chief towns in existence in this period, a number of them on 
former Roman sites, are shown on the map; but it should be noted that, 
aside^from London, there was no place before the Norman conquest 
which could boast of more than a few thousand inhabitants. The loca- 
tions of the chief battles of the Anglo-Saxon period are here given with 
their dates. 

•Stretching from the mouth of the River Tyne to the Solway Firth, 
the great Roman Wall, which can still be traced for miles across the 
north of England, formerly marked the limit of Roman rule. Offa's 
Dyke, which is shown as the boundary for a considerable way between 
Mercia and North Wales, was erected by one of the important kings 
of the former country in the eighth century. 

Attention should also be called to the little island of Iona, in the 
upper lefthand corner of the map, and to Lindisfarne, which were the 
centers from which Celtic monks reintroduced Christianity into England, 
after its conquests by the English. Canterbury, the center from which 
Augustine and his fellow monks spread Roman Christianity, following 
their coming in 597, becomes the chief ecclesiastical center of the island. 
Whitby, on the Northumbrian coast, was the scene, in 664, of the 
triumph of Roman Christianity over Celtic. 

■ 
FlRST INSET. The inset to this map, entitled "Alfred's Eng- 
land," shows the condition existing a century later. Beginning first 
with piratical raids, in 787, the Danes had advanced to political con- 
quest. When Alfred came to the throne of Wessex, in 871, all Eng- 
land, save Wessex and its dependencies lying south of the Thames, 
was at their mercy. Alfred succeeded in checking their advance; and 
by treaty with their leading chieftain, Guthrum, in 878 (revised in 
886) established a definite boundary. In the language of the treaty 
of 886, this boundary ran "up on the Thames, and then up on the Lea, 
and along the Lea unto its source, then right to Bedford, then up on the 



TEACHER'S MANUAL 35 

Ouse unto Watling Street." The latter is the Roman road which runs 
roughly from Dover, through Canterbury and London, to Chester. This 
is the boundary shown upon the inset. South of this line lay the Eng- 
lish lands ruled by Alfred; north of it were the Danish territories, which 
collectively were styled the Danelaw, — for here Danish and not English 
law prevailed. In Danish Mercia are shown the five Danish boroughs 
— Lincoln, Derby, Nottingham, Stamford, and Leicester — which con- 
stituted some sort of Danish principality, the exact character of which 
is not known. The portion of Northumbria still under the rule of English 
princes is here indicated. It should be noted that the area occupied 
by the Celtic Britons is reduced on this map by the loss to Wessex of 
West Wales. 

SECOND Inset. The inset to the second map shows "England 
on the Eve of the Norman Conquest." 

Since the reconquest of the Danelaw under Alfred's descendants, 
m the tenth century, England had constituted a single consolidated king- 
dom. One good result of the Danish invasions was the wiping out of 
all competing royal lines among the English, leaving only that of Wessex, 
under whose kings the whole of England was now united. The conquest 
of this single kingdom by the Danish king Canute, who was already king 
of the Scandinavian lands, is not shown on these maps. 

The inset represents the situation as it existed in the closing year 
of the reign of Edward the Confessor, the representative of the old Wes : 
sex line, who came to the English throne in 1 042, upon the death of 
the last of Canute's sons. Under this weak king power was disputed by 
various great earls, of whom the chief was Godwine. The region col- 
ored pink on the map, which represents the richest and at that time the 
most important part of England, was in the hands of Godwine's sons, 
Harold, Leofwine, and Gyrth. Their most important rivals were Edwin 
and Morcar, sons of Leofric, a contemporary of Godwine. The rivalry 
between the houses of Godwine and Leofric was one factor in weakening 
England at the time of the Norman Conquest. 

SECOND Map. The main map on this half of the sheet shows 
the Norman Conquest and the situation created thereby. 



36 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

The death without heirs of Edward the Confessor, in 1 066, was 
followed by the election to the English throne of Harold, Edward's 
brother-in-law, who was unquestionably the strongest nobleman in Eng- 
land. Almost immediately Harold had to face a two-fold danger: 
first, from the Danish king Harold Hardrada, who came with the 
Saxon Harold's exiled brother Tostig to claim the English throne; and 
second, from William, Duke of Normandy, who also put forth flimsy 
claims to the crown. The Danish invasion, into the Humber River 
and thence to York, is here shown. At Stamford Bridge Harold met 
and overcame this danger. His hasty march thence to Hastings, to 
meet the yet greater menace of William's invasion, is shown by the 
broken red line. At Hastings, on October 1 4th, 1 066, Harold died 
gallantly fighting. 

William's march thence through the Strait towns, whose possession 
was necessary to his communications with Normandy, is shown on the 
map. Without attempting to attack London immediately, William 
marched up the Thames to Wallingford, and thence eastward to Berk- 
hampstead, where he was in a position to cut off any aid which Edwin 
and Morcar might send. Here he received the submission of the Eng- 
lish ; and his campaign of 1 066 closed with his march to London, where 
he received the English crown. 

England, however, was not yet conquered. William's subsequent 
campaigns to effect its conquest are shown on the map: the first to the 
west, in the spring of 106S, to overthrow Harold's partisans; the sec- 
ond to the north, in the autumn of 1 068, to bring that region into sub- 
jection; and the third, in 1069-70, to repel a new invasion of the Danes, 
and to quell a formidable rising of the English. William's winter march 
from York to Chester is a noted feature of this campaign; as is also 
the terrible devastation which he wrought throughout the whole of the 
north, and from which that region did not recover for more than two 
centuries. 

The county divisions of England, as they existed at the close of the 
Anglo-Saxon period, are indicated on this map, together with the pala- 
tine earldoms created by the Normans — Kent, Hereford, Shrewsbury, 
Chester, and the Bishopric of Durham. These were all regions of special 
military importance, and hence were under exceptional jurisdiction. 



TEACHERS MANUAL 37 

Tynedale is a similar feudal lordship, long possessed by the Scottish 
kings. In Wales is shown the region occupied by Norman barons (the 
Lords Marcher) as it existed in the twelfth century, together with the 
lands ruled by native Welsh princes. Attention should also be called 
to the fact that on this map appears for the first time the word Scotland, 
this kingdom having been formed in the middle of the ninth century by 
an amalgamation of the Picts and Scots. 

Among additional details to be noted upon this map are : ( 1 ) the 
castles erected by William as a means of keeping the English in sub- 
jection; (2) the so-called Cinque Ports established to guard the coast 
of the Strait of Dover; (3) the archbishoprics and bishoprics, as reor- 
ganized by William; and (4) the other boroughs in existence in Nor- 
man days. This map shows also the sites with dates of the chief bat- 
tles, from the Norman Conquest to the accession of the House of Anjou 
(Plantaganet) in 1 154. 

For a plan of London in the Middle Ages, see Map 3. 

QUESTIONS 

FlRST Map. Compare the eastern watershed of England with 
the western. In which are located the more important rivers and har- 
bors? Name these. Where are the chief mountainous areas? What 
do these facts suggest with reference to the location of minerals and 
arable lands? Where were the chief forests of England located? The 
chief marshes and fen-lands? 

Trace the course of the Roman road from Dover to Chester (Wat- 
ling street). From London to the Firth of Forth (Ermine street). 
From Exeter to Lincoln (Fosse way). Note the chief towns which 
were to arise on each of these roads. What geographical factors ex- 
plain the rise of London to be the metropolis of England? Point out 
the location of Hadrian's Wall; of the islands of Iona and Lindisfame. 
What part did these two islands play in the conversion of the English? 
Point out the center in England from which Roman Christianity spread. 
What part did Whitby have in this movement? 

Review in connection with the map the development of the Anglo- 
Saxon conquest of Britain, pointing out the places associated with the 



38 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

dates 449, 577, 613. What regions were still unconquered by the 
English in the eighth century? Point out the kingdoms established by 
the Angles; the Saxons; the Jutes. Point out at least one place of his- 
torical interest in each kingdom, stating why it is of interest. 

What changes have taken place in the political divisions of Eng- 
land by Alfred's time? In what region has the English rule advanced? 
What English kingdoms have disappeared? What new rule has 
appeared, and where? What line on the main map coincides for a 
considerable distance with the southern boundary of the Danelaw as 
shown on the inset? 

SECOND Map. Show on the inset the great earldoms in 1065. 
With pointer and map describe William's campaign of 1 066. Do the 
same for his campaign in the spring of 1 068 ; for the first conquest of 
the North; for the second conquest of the North. Point out and name 
some of the chief castles erected by William; some of the chief arch- 
bishoprics and bishoprics. What were the Cinque Ports? Point them 
out on the map. Name and indicate the "counties palatine" of the 
Norman period, stating their purpose. Who were the "lords marcher"? 
Show on the map where they were located. Point out on this map 
(and on the preceding one) the chief battle site? of the Anglo-Saxon and 
Norman periods. 



MAP 6— ENGLAND AND FRANCE IN THE MIDDLE 

AGES 

In these maps may be traced the continuation of the history of Eng- 
land dealt with on the preceding sheet, and also the development of 
the conflict with France in the medieval period. 

FlRST Map. Here is shown the extent of the English dominions 
at the accession of the Angevin king, Henry II, to the throne, in 1154. 
England, together with the southern part of Wales, was already under 
the rule of the English crown; the region colored pink in Ireland, how- 
ever, was not subjected until the latter part of the reign of Henry II. 
The principality of North Wales, though acknowledging a certain 
allegiance to the English kings, was not subjected to their direct rule 
until the time of Edward I (1272-1307). 

The most important feature shown on this map is the great extent 
of territory in France ruled by the King of England. Of the provinces 
here shown, Normandy with certain claims over Brittany was acquired 
by Henry II in right of his mother, Matilda, daughter of the English 
King Henry I. Maine, Anjou, and Touraine came to him from his 
father Geoffrey of Anjou, whose habit of wearing in his cap a sprig 
of the broom plant (planta genista) earned for him the surname Planta- 
genet. The remainder of the region colored pink in France, known as 
Aquitaine, was secured by Henry II in right of his wife, Eleanor, the 
divorced queen of the French king, Louis VII. All of these lands 
were held by Henry II and his immediate successors as fiefs of the crown 
of France. But the fact that Henry II was also an independent king, 
coupled with the great extent of his holdings in France, made his allegi- 
ance to his French suzerain more formal than real. It was this anomaly 
of a foreign sovereign holding in fief the greater half of France, and 
cutting off the French king from all direct access to the English Channel 
and the Atlantic, which constitutes the real cause of the persistent wars 

39 



40 EUROPEAN- HISTORY MAPS 

between England and France in the Middle Ages- — wars which lasted 
until, with the loss of Calais in 1556, the English were finally expelled 
from France. 

In 1 1 54 the power of the French king had not yet made those 
great strides which were to change it from the rule over a few small terri- 
tories about Paris into the effective control of the whole realm. The 
immediate French Royal Domain had increased very little from what 
it had been at the accession of Hugh Capet, in 987. It stretched from 
Senlis on the north to Bourges on the south, and from Sens in the east 
to Orleans in the west. The remainder of the realm, aside from the 
portion in the hands of the English king, was in the hands of various 
feudatories, of whom the chief were the counts of Flanders, V ermandois, 
Champagne, and Blois, the Duke of Burgundy, the Count of Bourhon, 
the Count of Toulouse, etc. With reference to the limits of France, it 
should be noted that south of the Pyrenees the greater part of the old 
Spanish March of Charlemagne still owed nominal allegiance to the 
French king; and that on the east, except for the acquisition of certain 
small territories lying west of the lower Rhone, the boundary was the 
same as that in the Partition of Verdun (843). 

INSET. This map shows the growth of the French Royal Domain, 
1 1 80 to 1 337. Colored buff are the additions made by Philip Augustus 
(1 180-1223) ; these mark the first great forward stride in territory of 
the French crown. The most important of these additions made by 
Philip II were Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Touraine, made at the 
expense of King John of England, Henry II's incompetent younger son 
(1199-1216). The regions colored yellow show the acquisitions be- 
tween 1223 and 1337. Of these Champagne and Blois were acquired 
through marriage by Philip IV; and Poitou, Toulouse, and Languedoc, 
which were gained immediately or ultimately as a result of the Albigen- 
sian Crusade, directed against the counts of Toulouse (1209-1266). 
At the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, in 1337, the English 
fiefs in France were reduced to the narrow strip about Bordeaux, which 
is colored pink on the inset. 

SECOND Map. This map illustrates the next great struggle be- 
tween the French and the English kings, which we call the Hundred 






TEACHER'S MANUAL 41 

Years' War. By the close of the first stage of this conflict, in the Treaty 
of Bretigny (1360) the English king, Edward III, had broadened 
out his French possessions to the limits shown on Map 7. In succeed- 
ing stages of the war, the English possessions in Aquitaine again shrank 
to the limits shown on this map. Meanwhile, however, had come the 
great victories of Henry V, beginning with Agincourt in 1415, which 
won for him the greater part of northern France. On this map may 
be traced the route of Henry V to Agincourt, and the conquest of Calais. 

The situation as shown upon the map is that which existed, after 
the death of Henry V, at the time of the appearance of Joan of Arc 
as the savior of France, in 1 429. The lands held by England in that 
year are colored pink- The buff indicates the lands held by England's 
ally, the Duke of Burgundy. It should be noted, however, that some 
of these lands, which were within the Empire, were not acquired by the 
Burgundian dukes until after 1 429. Their extent, therefore, is rather 
that of the Burgundian domains at the death of Charles the Bold in 
1477. The area colored green was nominally subject, in 1429, to the 
Dauphin, Charles VII, who refused to recognize the Treaty of Troyes 
(1422) which disinherited him, and who was struggling to secure the 
kingdom as his inheritance. His resources, however, were exceedingly 
scanty and his power was weak; and without the new vigor infused into 
his cause by Joan of Arc, he would undoubtedly soon have lost all his 
hold upon France. 

The addition to France of the Dauphine, a portion of the old 
Kingdom of Burgundy, is one of the changes in the extent of the kingdom 
which should be noted. Nominally this region was still a portion of 
the Holy Roman Empire, but the weakness of that state enabled the 
French kings to incorporate Dauphine in the realm of France. This was 
the first important extension of the French boundaries to the east of the 
River Rhone. 

The sites and dates of the chief battles of the Hundred Years* 
War are also indicated on this map. 



42 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

QUESTIONS 

FlRST Map. Point out on the map the regions ruled over by 
Henry II of England. Which of these did he rule over as sovereign? 
Which did he hold as fiefs of the King of France? Which did he receive 
by inheritance from his father Geoffrey of Anjou? Which from his 
mother Matilda of England? Which from his wife? Which did he 
acquire by conquest? Indicate the extent of the French Royal Domain 
in 1 180. Point out the districts added by Philip Augustus. Point out 
the later additions up to the opening of the Hundred Years' War. 
Point out the following places, and state the event connected with each: 
Tinchebrai, Bouvines, Evesham, Runnimede. Compare the area in 
France under English rule in 1 337 with the area ruled by them in 1 360 
(see Map 7). 

Second Map. Locate and state the circumstances and outcome 
of the following battles of the Hundred Years' War: Crecy, Poitiers, 
Agincourt. Trace the route of the English king leading to the latter 
battle. Point out the chief territories occupied by the English in 1 429. 
What was the attitude of the Burgundian duke toward the English? 
What important event is associated with the city of Orleans in 1429? 
What other places on the map are associated with the life of Joan 
of Arc? 

Name some of the districts held by the Duke of Burgundy in 
1477, indicating which were fiefs of France and which fiefs of the 
Empire. Point out the site of the death of Charles the Bold (Nancy). 



MAP 7— EUROPE IN 1360 

Main Map. This map shows the Holy Roman Empire as it 
existed following its disastrous conflicts with the Papacy in the eleventh, 
twelfth, and thirteenth centuries. Germany is now a chaos of some 
hundreds of states, mostly of infinitesimal size. The Emperor Charles 
IV in his Golden Bull (1356) recognized the practical independence 
of these states and fixed the constitution of Germany as a loose confed- 
eracy under the Emperor; in the words of the historian Bryce, "he 
legalized anarchy and called it a constitution." The area of the Em- 
pire is also considerably curtailed. On the east, France has begun 
the swallowing up of the old Burgundian lands, and on the south all 
Italy save Tuscany and Lombardy are practically free from imperial 
control. To compensate, there has begun an eastward expansion at the 
expense of the Slavs, which has already brought Silesia and a portion 
of Pomerania within the Empire. The chief interest in the history of 
Germany henceforward lies in the rivalry of the great princely families, 
the territories of two of which — the House of Luxemburg (colored 
blue) and the House of Hapsburg (colored buff) are shown on the 
map. Bavaria, under the House of Wittelsbach, and Brandenburg, not 
yet, however, under the House of Hohenzollern, are the only other Ger- 
man states which here need indication. Attention should be called, 
however, to the lands conquered by the Crusading Order of Teutonic 
Knights from the heathen Prussians, which were ultimately to consti- 
tute a leading portion of Germany. 

On this map Hungary (with its dependencies Moldavia, Wal- 
lachia, and Bosnia), the Kingdom of Naples, and Provence are all shown 
in the same color, to indicate the rule of these regions by the French 
House of Anjou. 

The Kingdom of Sicily, which formerly, under the Normans, 
and then under Hohenstaufen rule, was united in a single kingdom with 
Naples, is now under a branch of the House of Aragon. Aragon 

43 



44 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

itself is now, with Castile, Portugal, and Navarre, one of the four 
Christian states of Spain, the Mohammedan power in this peninsula 
being confined to the small kingdom of Granada. In France is shown 
the condition created by the Treaty of Bretigny, in 1 360, at the close of 
the first stage of the Hundred Years' War. 

In northern and eastern Europe we should note : ( 1 ) the union 
of the Scandinavian kingdoms, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, through 
the Union of Calmar in 1 397; (2) the creation of a greater Kingdom of 
Poland through the annexation of Lithuania in 1386; and (3) the 
great Balkan Kingdom of Serbia, which, until his death in 1 355, was 
ruled by the hero king Stephen Dushan. (4) Note also that Bulgaria, 
first established by an Asiatic folk in 679, and then conquered by the 
Eastern Roman Empire, is here shown as an independent kingdom. 

The great reduction in area of the Eastern Roman Empire is to 
be noted. Its strength was sapped by the Fourth Crusade, in 1 204, the 
subsequent rise to independence of Bulgaria and Serbia in Europe, and 
the conquests of the Ottoman Turks in Asia Minor in the thirteenth cen- 
tury. Already the latter had crossed the Hellespont and established 
themselves in the peninsula of Gallipoli (1357), and soon practically 
the whole of the remainder of that Empire was to pass under Ottoman 
control. Nevertheless Constantinople was to remain an outpost of Chris- 
tian civilization until 1453. 

In Asia the last Crusading state had fallen with the loss of Acre 
in 1291. But the Knights Hospitaler (Knights of St. John) had estab- 
lished themselves in the island of Rhcdes (1310) where they were to 
make valiant resistance until their expulsion in the sixteenth century 
(1522). The battle of Angora in Asia Minor (1402) marks the 
temporary check to the Ottoman growth administered in the victory of 
the great Timur the Tartar (Tamerlane). 

In Italy should be noted the growth of Genoa through the acquisi- 
tion of Corsica and various lands in the Aegean ; and the continued 
development of Venice, both in Italy and in the East 

FlRST INSET. This shows the rise of the Swiss Confederation — 
a testimony on the one hand to the growing weakness of the central power 
in Germany, and on the other to the vigor of the German people. The 



TEACHER'S MANUAL 45 

three original cantons which united in 1 29 1 to form the Swiss Confedera- 
tion had been increased, by 1513, through the accession of a number of 
additional cantons. The practical independence of the Confederation 
was won by 1 358, though formal acknowledgment of this was withheld 
until 1 648. The yellow areas on this inset indicate various subject and 
allied districts, which were more or less closely associated with the 
Confederation, but not formally incorporated therein until the time of 
the French Revolution. The dates given on the face of the map are 
those of union with, or subjection to, the Confederation. 

SECOND ItfSET. This shows the chief states of Italy which sprang 
up on the decline of the Empire. The map is designed to show Italy at 
the time of the Renaissance, and during the great wars of the Reforma- 
tion between France and the Hapsburg power. The largest state of the 
peninsula was the kingdom of Naples, or the Kingdom of the Two 
Sicilies, so called from the fact that Sicily was now once more united to 
Naples, both being under an Aragonese prince. ' The Papal States con- 
stitute the next largest block; but a considerable portion of this territory 
was occupied by petty despots who had risen to power in the course 
of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The efforts of the Popes of 
this period were largely directed to the reduction of these principalities 
to papal rule. The Duchy of Milan ranked next in importance; its 
line of Visconti rulers had ended in 1450, and a new line (the Sforzas) 
was now in power. Among republics, Venice took chief rank; its terri- 
tories on the continent and in Dalmatia had recently been considerably 
increased. The Republic of Florence, the Republic of Genoa, and the 
Republic of Siena were also important. Florence, indeed, in all that 
pertains to art, literature, and philosophy, was far and away the most 
important city of Italy in the time of the Renaissance. The duchies 
of Ferrara, Modena, and the Marquisate of Mantua were minor states, 
as were also the marquisates of Montferrat and Saluzzo. The Duchy 
of Savoy, however, was a state of much importance for the future, 
though in the events of this time it played a subordinate part. Its position 
on the crest of the Alps, controlling the chief passes leading from France 
to Italy, gave it an importance which its rulers successfully turned to 
account. 



46 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

QUESTIONS 

Compare this map with Map 4 and point out the chief changes 
which have taken place in European geography since the time of the 
Crusades. What change has taken place in the dominions ruled by 
England? By France? How has the political geography of Spain 
changed? Of Italy? Of Germany? What changes had taken place 
in northeastern Europe? In the Balkan Peninsula? In Asia Minor? 
Point out the possessions of the Republic of Venice. Of Genoa. Of 
the House of Hapsburg. Of the House of Luxemburg. Of the House 
of Anjou. 

Point out on the first inset the chief lakes which are included in 
or touch upon the Swiss Confederation. Which of these are drained by 
the Rhine? WTiich by the Rhone? Point out and name the three 
original cantons of the Confederation. Do the same for those which 
were added between 1315 and 1513. Point out and name the chief 
allied and subject districts. Point out the sites of the chief battles in 
Swiss history. 

On the second inset trace the boundaries of each of the chief states 
of Italy, describing their location with reference to natural features 
(rivers, lakes, etc.), and naming some of the cities located in each. 
What small republic is shown completely surrounded by the Papal 
States? Compare the extent of territory ruled by Venice in 1360 with 
that in 1 494. What reason does the map show for the attack upon 
Venice by other states in 1508? Locate the battlefield of Marignano 
and state the importance of this battle. 






MAP 8— MEDIEVAL COMMERCE AND INDUSTRIES 

The maps of this series have been designed in the main to illus- 
trate political and institutional history. It must not be forgotten, how- 
ever, that in every age industries and commerce are the indispensable 
foundations upon which civilized states rest, hence some attention must 
be given to these important aspects of European history. The present 
map is devoted entirely to this subject. It shows : ( 1 ) the chief mar- 
kets, fairs, and other centers of trade in medieval Europe; (2) the chief 
lines of commerce, by land and sea, linking these centers into a com- 
mon economic life; and (3) the localities in which flourished the linen, 
woolen, and silk industries. 

The data here supplied furnish the explanation of the rise to im- 
portance of many of the great cities of the European world. For 
example, note the cities whose importance is due to their location upon 
the lines of traffic between Italy and Germany. If Venice and Genoa 
owe much of their importance to the water routes to the east controlled 
by them, they are indebted equally to the outlets which they possessed 
to the markets of Germany and of France. From Venice one impor- 
tant route led up the Adige and through the Brenner Pass to Germany 
— enriching with its commerce, in the one direction, Ulm and Strass- 
burg; in another Nuremburg, Leipzig, Magdeburg, and Hamburg. 
Similarly, from Genoa led routes which touched successively Milan, 
Lyons, Paris, and the cities of the Netherlands, and Basel and the 
Rhine towns. 

Owing to inevitable changes in the lines of commerce, many cen- 
ters formerly important in a commercial way are no longer so. Thus, in 
England, Stourbridge, Winchester, and Boston, which were once seats 
of important fairs, are now of little consequence. 

In the north of Europe we have the widespread area of the Hanse- 
atic League, which at its height numbered more than seventy members, 
stretching from London on the west to Novgorod on the east, and from 
Bergen on the north to Leipzig and Cracow on the south. It is not too 

47 



48 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

much to say that in this vast area the Hanseatic League in the thirteenth 
and fourteenth centuries was a chief agency of commerce and civilization. 

The sea routes of Venice and Genoa possess special interest. 
Both cities carried on a flourishing trade with India and China 
from which came the silks and spices so much prized by Western 
Europe. Venice controlled the route by way of Alexandria and the 
Isthmus of Suez, while Genoa relied chiefly upon the route through 
Syrian ports. Both cities also used the route via Constantinople. The 
Ottoman Turks practically cut off Genoa's main line in the fourteenth 
century and the fall of Constantinople in 1453 cut off Genoa's remain- 
ing route. It was no accident, therefore, that the Genoese, among whom 
must be numbered Christopher Columbus, were more interested than 
the Venetians in opening up ocean routes to the Far East, to compen- 
sate for the loss of their overland traffic. On the other hand, the develop- 
ment of Atlantic routes to England and the Netherlands contributed 
to that improvement of the art of navigation which was no less indis- 
pensable to the discovery of the New World. In these two ways may 
be shown an important connection between medieval commerce and the 
geographical discoveries of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries which 
aided in ending the medieval period. 

Closely connected with commerce are manufactures; of these 
the chief, in the Middle Ages — so far as relates to distant trade — 
were the textiles. On this map are shown the chief areas engaged in 
the manufacture of linens, woolens, and silk. The areas engaged in 
the commercial manufacture of linens were widespread; the industry 
centered, however, chiefly in northern France and the southern Nether- 
lands. The raising of the silk worm and the manufacture of silk bad 
spread in the Middle Ages from Syria and Egypt to .Constantinople and 
Greece, and had become firmly established in certain regions of Sicily, 
Naples, Tuscany, and about Milan and Genoa. In France and in Spain 
there were also flourishing centers of this industry. More important, 
however, than either linens or silks for the commerce of the Middle 
Ages were woolens. The best wool was produced at this time in Eng- 
land, and there, in the old East Anglia, in Lincolnshire, and about 
Bristol, arose woolen manufactures of important extent. The most 
flourishing manufactures of wool, however, were to be found in the 



TEACHER'S MANUAL 49 

Netherlands. It is not too much to say that the great prosperity of the 
Flemish towns, which made them the wonder of the later Middle Ages, 
was based primarily upon the woolen manufactures. The area of this 
manufacture is shown upon the map, together with the localities in 
France where also, though to a less extent, it flourished. It should also 
be noted that the prosperity of Florence, which played so important 
a part in Italy in the time of the Renaissance, was largely due to the 
wealth gained by its manufactures of wool and silk. 

In conclusion it may be said that commercial and industrial activity 
of the Middle Ages had these important results: (1) It increased 
wealth and promoted material well-being. (2) It broke down the 
extreme isolation which separated village from village, district . from 
district, and country from country. (3) It promoted city life, with its 
resulting aggregation of population and the stimulus of mind and spirit. 
(4) It aided the townsmen to win their independence from their feudal 
lords, and contributed to the development of democracy and the rise 
of the Third Estate. (5) It constituted one of the chief solvents of 
the Middle Ages, aiding in the break-up of the feudal system and of 
the dominance of scholastic theology, and contributing more perhaps 
than any other single factor to the rise of the freer modes of life and 
thought of modern times. 

QUESTIONS 

Point out on the map the chief areas of woolen manufactures and 
name the chief centers. Of cotton manufactures. Of the silk industry. 
What were the regions included within the sphere of the Hanseatic 
League? Point out and name the extreme points included within the 
area. What were the chief centers of the League? Its chief foreign 
offices? What were the chief markets and fairs of England? Of 
France? Of Spain? Of Germany? Of Russia? Of Italy? Trace 
and describe the chief land routes leading from Italy to Germany, indi- 
cating the cities which lay along each. Trace on the map the chief 
sea routes of Venice. Of Genoa. What goods would be likely to 
pass along each of these routes? What does the map show with refer- 
ence to the development of industry and commerce in Eastern Europe 
as compared with. Western Europe? 



MAP 9— EUROPE AT THE TIME OF CHARLES V ( 1 5 1 9) 

This map is the first of the series which depicts Modern Europe. 
Owing to the necessity of including the Russian lands in it and in later 
maps of Europe, it is no longer possible to print on the map the exten- 
sive insets which are a feature of the earlier ones. 

The chief features of the history of this period are summed 
up by a scholarly French writer as follows: "The first half of the 
sixteenth century saw the spread of the Renaissance and the beginnings 
of the Reformation; but at the very moment that this double revolution 
inaugurated a new era in central and western Europe, the political 
geography of the continent was menaced with a brusque return to the 
Middle Ages. On the one hand, a new Mohammedan invasion had 
defeated the Christian world, this time on the Danube; on the other, 
Charles V — king of Spain and Naples, master of the Netherlands, of 
Franche Comte, of the hereditary dominions of the Austrian house. 
Emperor-elect of the Holy Roman Empire — might be accused of aspir- 
ing to universal monarchy. The political history of Europe for a half 
century is summed up in the efforts made to arrest the progress of the 
Turks, and to restrain the power of the new Charlemagne." (Schrader, 
Atlas de Geographic Historique, Map No. 31.) 

From his maternal grandparents, Ferdinand and Isabella, young 
Charles V had received united Spain, freed from the last remnant of 
Mohammedan rule by the conquest of Granada in 1 492 ; from them 
also he received the Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Sicily and Naples. In 
right of his paternal grandmother, Mary of Burgundy, he received the 
greater part of the Burgundian lands — the Franche Comte, Luxemburg, 
and the Netherlands. From his paternal grandfather Maximilian, he 
inherited the Hapsburg lands in Germany, together with that political 
support which insured his election ai the early age of nineteen to the 
office of Emperor. The dominance in Europe which he thus secured 
was further strengthened by the vast territories in North, Central and 

50 



TEACHER'S MANUAL 51 

South America — rich in mines of gold and silver and in possibilities of 
trade and colonization — which accrued to Spain as the result of the 
memorable discoveries of Columbus and his Spanish successors. It was 
a World Empire without counterpart in history. The use of a single 
color (buff) for all of the hereditary lands of Charles V, serves to 
mark clearly their extent and strategic importance. In addition it should 
be noted that Hungary, Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia, which in 1519 
were still ruled by a king of the Angevin house, passed in large part to 
Charles' brother, Ferdinand, following the victory of the Ottoman Turks 
at Mohacs in 1526. Mr. Ramsey Muir (Atlas, p. xii) draws 
attention, however, to the following drawbacks to Charles' position? 
"(1) Charles' dominions were so scattered that the communications 
between them were in every case dependent upon his enemies; (2) while 
they threatened to surround France, they also lay exposed to the attacks 
of that consolidated power, with which he waged continual war; (3) 
in the East he was exposed to danger from the Turks, and had to face 
the formidable power of Solyman the Magnificent; (4) in Italy his 
position was such as to alarm the Papacy as much as the Empire of the 
Hohenstaufen had done; (5) in Germany he had to count upon the 
jealousy of all the smaller princes, and especially had to deal with the 
Reformation, a movement of which these princes made use for their 
own purposes. Thus, despite all his resources, patience and skill, he 
failed to consolidate his power in Germany and Italy, and left these 
countries even more deeply divided than before." 

On another map (Map 1 0) is shown the internal geography of 
Germany at the time of the Reformation. Here we need merely note 
the indication on this map of the chief German states aside from the 
Hapsburg lands — Saxony, Bavaria, Brandenburg. For all details relat- 
ing to the German Reformation it will be more convenient to turn to the 
special map already referred to. 

A fact of much importance to the German Reformation is indi- 
cated on this map, namely, the advance of the Turkish frontier almost 
to the borders of Germany, following the battle of Mohacs. In part 
it was the existence of this very real menace to the independent existence 
of Germany that accounts for the long delay of Charles V (to 1 546) 
in attempting forcibly to put down Protestantism. In part this is to be 



52 El'ROPEAX HISTORY MAPS 

accounted for also by his preoccupation with affairs in Spain and with 
the protracted Italian wars precipitated by France for the control of 
Naples and the Duchy of Milan. 

The route of the Great Armada in 1588 is also shown upon this 
map. Although this falls in the reign of Charles' son and successor, 
Philip II, it constitutes a part of the Reformation struggles. 

France is here shown at last wholly freed from English rule except 
at Calais, which England continued to hold until 1558. Avignon, 
however, was a possession of the Papacy until the time of the French 
Revolution; while the nearby principality of Orange was under imperial 
suzerainty. The areas marked blue in France were the territories held 
in the latter part of the sixteenth century b\ Henry IV of Bourbon, 
the great Protestant champion in the Huguenot wars. Roussillon, which 
had passed to Aragon in 1493, was not finally recovered by France 
until 1 659. On the other hand, that part of Xavarre which lies south 
of the Pyrenees had been conquered by Aragon in 1513 and is here 
shown as a part of the Spanish dominions. 

In the Scandinavian lands the separation of Sweden from Den- 
mark and Norway, through the revolt of Gustavus Vasa (1523), is a 
feature of the time closely connected with the Reformation movement. 
In the same way the secularization of the lands of the Teutonic Knights 
in 1 525 was a result of the acceptance of Protestantism. Ruled first 
by a younger branch of the Hohenzollern House, we shall find this terri- 
tory later annexed to Brandenburg under the name of East Prussia. 
The remaining territories of the Crusading Knights of the Baltic passed 
to the countries indicated on the map — Esthonia to Sweden in 1561, 
and Livonia and Courland to Poland in the same year. Russia as yet 
plays little part in European affairs. It is cut off from the Baltic by 
Sweden, and from the Black Sea by Poland and by the Khanate of 
the Crimea, the latter a tributary territory to the Ottoman Turks. The 
three khanates here shown — Crimea, Kazan, and Astrakhan — are frag- 
ments of the Empire of the Golden Horde of the Tartars, which held 
Russia in subjection from 1241 to 1480. South of the Caucasus Moun- 
tains, and stretching from the Black Sea to the Caspian and southward 
to the Persian Gulf, are shown the lands of Shah Ishmail, the greatest 
o ( the Persian rulers. 



TEACHERS MANUAL 53 

Another center of political interest in Europe in the sixteenth cen- 
tury was Italy, a more detailed map of which is shown on Map 7. 
This was the scene, since 1 494, of the struggles between France on 
the one side and Spain and Austria on the other, which for three cen- 
turies were to fill European history with wars and diplomatic intrigues. 

In conclusion it may be said that the outstanding features of this 
map are the existence of the great consolidated states in the west and 
east of Europe. These had assumed form and acquired strength at 
the close of the Middle Ages; and now, amid the ferment of thought 
and life caused by the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the discov- 
ery of the New World, they were launching into a series of wars for, 
religious dominance and national and dynastic aggrandizement. 

QUESTIONS 

Compare the political geography of Spain as shown on this map 
with that on Map 7. What additional Mediterranean lands have been 
gained since the date of that map? Point out the territories which 
belonged by inheritance to Charles V, and indicate from whom the in- 
heritance came. What additional right of rule was given him in 1519? 
What territories did he rule which are not shown on the map? What 
additional territories in Europe did the Hapsburgs rule after 1526? 
Compare the extent of the Hapsburg rule in Europe after 1 526 with 
that of Charlemagne (see Map 2). Which was the greater? Point 
out on the map the territories in Italy for which Charles V and Francis 
I of France were contending. Locate the battlefield of Pavia, and 
state the importance of the battle. What significant change does this 
map show in the Balkan Peninsula from the map for 1 360 (Map 7) ? 
Compare the extent of the Ottoman Empire after 1 526 with that of 
the other states shown on the map. What part does this menace play 
in the history of Europe in the sixteenth century? Compare the extent 
of Poland with that of other European states. Why is her part in the 
history of this time not commensurate with the extent of her territory? 
What effect does the Reformation have upon the territory of the Teu- 
tonic Knights? Upon that of the Knights of the Sword? Upon the 
Scandinavian lands? Trace the course of the Spanish Armada, stating 
the significance of each of the dates given on the route. 



MAP 1 0— GERMANY AT THE TIME OF THE 
REFORMATION (1547) 

Main Map. A comparison of this map with Map 3 will show 
how greatly in the course of five centuries the political geography of 
Germany had changed. 

In the tenth and eleventh centuries Germany consisted of some 
six or eight great stem-duchies, with a fringe of important border marches 
to the east. The present map shows an almost inextricable tangle of a 
few considerable states, set in a net work of hundreds of petty princi- 
palities. The names Srvabia and Franconia have disappeared from the 
map. Saxony has shifted to the southeast, and its old site is occupied 
in part by a new state, that of Brunswicfy. Lower Lorraine has been 
absorbed in the main into the Netherlands, while Upper Lorraine has 
shrunk considerably on its eastern side. Bavaria alone occupies the same 
position which it held in the tenth and eleventh centuries ; it still remained, 
as it remains today, one of the leading states of Germany. Branden- 
burg appears as an outgrowth of the old Saxon North March, while 
Austria appears where formerly the Bavarian East March had been. 

Among the states of the second rank shown on the map, we should 
notice the Palatinate of the Rhine, with its dependency the Upper Pala- 
tinate (the former Nordgau of Bavaria), and Hesse; the first and the 
last arose through the disintegration of the old Duchy of Franconia. 
In Swabia, Wurttemberg and Baden are the chief newcomers. 

The bright red spots on the map show the areas ruled by imperial 
cities — that is, by self-governing towns which owed allegiance to no 
lord below the Emperor. The purple areas are those of the ecclesiastical 
states — that is, of bishops and abbots who ruled their lands as sovereign 
princes. 

The lands marked light buff and dark buff on this map were ruled 
by the Hapshurgs. The light buff shows the lands of Charles V. In 
addition to the Netherlands, Luxemburg, and Franche Comte, he ruled 

54 



TEACHERS MANUAL 55 

Spain, Naples and Sicily, Milan, and vast areas of the New World; 
moreover he held the headship of Germany as Emperor of the Holy 
Roman Empire. The dark buff shows the areas ruled by Charles' 
younger brother, Ferdinand. Charles had assigned to him the hered tary 
lands of their grandfather Maximilian, and these Ferdinand had in- 
creased through the acquisition by marriage of Bohemia, Silesia, and 
portions of Hungary. The dominance of the House of Hapsburg in the 
period of the Reformation is a fact of first importance in the history 
of that time. (See description of Map 9.) 

Prussia, the region shown on former maps as under the rule of 
the Teutonic Knights, is indicated on this map with a border of the 
same color as that given Brandenburg. The reason is that in 1 525 this 
Order was dissolved, and its lands converted into a secular duchy under 
its Grand Master, who at this time was a Hohenzollern. Later this 
district passed by inheritance to the elder branch of the house of Hohen- 
zollern, which since 1415 had already ruled Brandenburg. 

The reduction of Germany to this jumbled chaos of principalities 
was the result of a number of disintegrating influences : ( 1 ) the cen- 
trifugal force of feudalism, which here had full swing; (2) the elective 
character of the monarchy, weakening all effective central power; (3) 
the long struggles between Church and State, in which (as a Papal 
legate said) Pope and Emperor alike became "mere names in a story, or 
heads in a picture;" and (4) the unwise policy which led German 
kings to sacrifice the substance of power in Germany in order to grasp 
at its shadow in Italy. There were compensations, however, in this 
situation. If Germany at the time of the Reformation had been a con- 
solidated monarchy, like England or France, it is more than likely that 
Protestantism would have been crushed out before it could take root 
and establish itself. As it was, the practically sovereign nature of the 
German states enabled the rulers of Electoral Saxony, Hesse, Branden- 
burg, etc., who favored the Reformation, to defy the Edict of Worms, 
and to give shelter to Lutheranism until it could grow to such extent 
that it was too strong to be uprooted. 

INSET. This inset shows on a larger scale the Saxon lands as 
they existed at the outbreak of the Reformation. By a division dating 



56 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

from 1 483, these lands were divided between an Ernestine and an 
Albertine line, representing the descendants of two brothers. The 
Ernestine line was the elder and to it belonged the electoral dignity; 
it was this portion of Saxony which was ruled by the Elector Frederick, 
and it was here, at Wittenberg, that the Lutheran Reformation arose 
and flourished. Albertine or Ducal Saxony, on the other hand, was 
ruled by Luther's opponent, Duke George, in whose dominions the 
famous Leipzig disputation was held. 

After the death of Duke George, Ducal Saxony also became 
Protestant, but the jealousy of the Albertine for the Ernestine line con- 
tinued. As a result Maurice of Ducal Saxony led the attack in the 
Schmah\aldic War, in 1 547, against his Ernestine relative. Maurice's 
reward was the transfer to him of the electoral dignity, together with 
a considerable portion of the Ernestine territories. The situation thus 
created is shown on the main map. 

QUESTIONS 

Point out upon the map Electoral Saxony, Ducal Saxony, Ba- 
varia, Brandenburg, Hesse, Wiirttemberg, the Palatinate, Baden. Point 
out and name the Hapsburg territories directly ruled by Charles V 
(light buff). Those ruled by his brother Ferdinand (dark buff). Ap- 
proximately hew large a part of Germany was included in the ecclesiasti- 
cal states? Point out the location of these ecclesiastical centers: Mainz, 
Cologne, Treves, Worms, Spires, Magdeburg. Point out the follow- 
ing places and tell for what each is memorable: Eisleben, Eisenach, 
Erfurt, Wittenberg, Leipzig, Augsburg, Schmalkalden, Miihlhausen, 
Breitenfeld. Locate the three bishoprics Verdun, Metz, and Toul, 
and tell what change took place in their control in 1552. Compare 
Albertine and Ernestine Saxony on the inset and on the main map, and 
state the changes which took place with reference to these territories 
in 1547. Point out the chief places connected with the Thirty Years' 
War. 



MAP 1 1— TUDOR AND STUART ENGLAND 
With this sheet we again turn to the history of England. 

FlRST Map. This map shows the county organization of Eng- 
land and Wales as it was completed in the time of Henry VIII — a 
territorial organization which exists practically unchanged to the present 
time. Note that divides rather than rivers form most of the county 
boundaries. "The Thames is unique among the greater English rivers 
in being a boundary between counties almost from its source to its mouth. 
This exceptional frontier is a monument to the time when a 
fortified London denied the Thames road to the Anglo-Saxons, who else- 
where advanced up the streams and their tributaries, placing their 
boundaries rather on the water partings than along the waterways." 
(Mackinder, Britain and the British Seas, p. 202.) 

On this map are also shown the bishoprics and archbishoprics as they 
existed after the new creations by Henry VIII, together with the chief 
historical sites of the Tudor period. It should be noted that the chief 
battles and other places of historical interest since the accession of the 
House of Lancaster, in 1 399, are here indicated. 

FlRST INSET. The inset to this map shows the division between 
the ecclesiastical province of Canterbury and that of York, together with 
the limits of the several dioceses of England and Wales. It is not pos- 
sible to insert the names of these on the face of the map, but by finding 
the corresponding bishopric symbol on the main map, and noting the 
name attached, practically every diocese can be identified. The special 
feature of the map is the location of the chief monasteries existing before 
the dissolutions of Henry VIII. The total number of monasteries at 
this period was nearly nine hundred; hence, it was not found practicable 
to indicate on a map of such small scale so large a number of religious 
houses. Nevertheless, it is hoped that the map will be of some value 
as indicating the large number of such establishments and their wide 
distribution. 

57 



58 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

SECOND Map. This deals with the great Civil War between 
Crown and Parliament in the seventeenth century. The main map 
shows the districts held for King and Parliament respectively on May 
1 , 1 643, or roughly at the beginning of the war. 

It will be noted that the eastern and southern parts of the island — 
in general the regions which lay to the southeast of a line drawn from 
Hull to Gloucester, and which were the richest and most populous parts 
of England — together with the chief ports and river mouths controlling 
commerce with the continent, were in the hands of Parliament. When 
to these advantages are added the control of the constitutional machinery 
of government, the taxing power, and the chief naval arsenals, the pre- 
ponderance of advantage on the side of Parliament is clearly seen. 

The chief Royalist and Parliamentary strongholds are indicated 
by special symbols. The black shaded line marks the limits of the East- 
ern Association in which Cromwell first organized his famous Ironsides. 
On this main map are indicated the sites and dates of the principal battles 
for the whole war. 

SECOND INSET. The inset to this map shows the distribution of 
territory between King and Parliament on November 23, 1644, fol- 
lowing the decisive Parliamentary victory at Marston Moor. The yel- 
low border given to Scotland in this inset indicates the alliance con- 
tracted by Parliament with the King's Scottish subjects in the Solemn 
League and Covenant (Sept. 25, 1643). The growing strength of 
Parliament is clearly indicated in this map, and its ultimate victory fore- 
shadowed. It should be noted, however, that within the Parliamentary 
territory were many isolated towns and castles which held out for the 
King, and whose reduction was to protract the conquest even after the 
overthrow of the King's army at Naseby (1645). 

QUESTIONS 

Point out and name the counties of England which He on the east- 
ern coast. On the southern coast. On the Bristol Channel. Those 
which border Wales. Those which touch the Irish Sea. Those which 
are wholly inland. How many counties in all are there in England? 



TEACHERS MANUAL 59 

Which is the largest country? The smallest? What relationship seems 
to exist between the size of certain counties and the river basins that 
they occupy? Point out the two archbishoprics. Locate London, Ox- 
ford, Cambridge, Winchester, Bristol, Gloucester, Chester, Derby, 
Warwick, Plymouth, Hull, Dover. Point out the chief battle sites of 
the Wars of the Roses. Some places connected with the history of 
Henry VIII. Of Elizabeth. Point out Kenilworth Castle. What 
facts do you associate with it? 

Compare the second map on this sheet with the first map, and state 
which counties in the main held for Parliament on May 1 , 1 643, and 
which for the King. What geographical advantages were possessed 
by Parliament over the King? What changes in territory are shown 
in the inset for November 23, 1644? Point out on the map the chief 
battle sites and points of historical interest for the Civil War. 



MAP 12— EUROPE IN 1648 

Main Map. This map shows the territorial situation created by 
the Peace of Westphalia (1648), which closed the pericd of religious 
warfare ushered in by the Reformation, and brought peace to distracted 
Europe. These territorial settlements remained practically undisturbed 
almost to the French Revolution. 

The gains made by each of the chief countries are indicated on 
the map by a darker shade of coloring. 

Thus ( 1 ) France gained the bishoprics of Metz, Toul, and Ver- 
dun, together with a great part of Alsace. She thus began that process 
of advance on the northeast at the expense of the Empire, which for 
more than a hundred years was to keep Europe in turmoil. 

(2) Sweden, as a result of her intervention in the war under 
her hero King Gustavus Adolphus, gained Western Pomerania and the 
bishoprics of Bremen and Verden at the mouth of the Elbe. In addi- 
tion she had in this same period acquired Ingria from Russia and Es- 
thonia and Livonia from Poland. These possessions, with the posses- 
sion of Finland, gave her command of both shores of the Baltic, and 
raised her to the rank of one of the Great Powers of Europe. 

(3) Brandenburg acquired in the treaties of Westphalia Eastern 
Pomerania, together with the archbishopric of Magdeburg. She had 
also acquired in this period portions of the Cleves-Julich lands in the 
neighborhood of the Rhine, and had succeeded by inheritance to the 
duchy of East Prussia, the lands of the former Order of Teutonic 
Knights. There was thus begun that process of territorial expansion, 
eastward and westward, which ultimately gave to Brandenburg-Prussia 
the greater part of northern Germany, and made it the ruling power 
in the modern German Empire. 

(4) Bavaria received the Upper Palatinate (the former Nord- 
gau) together with the electoral vote which formerly had belonged to 
the Palatinate of the Rhine. 

60 



TEACHER'S MANUAL 61 

(5) Saxony acquired the greater part of Lusatia, which formerly 
had been a part of the Austrian dominions. 

(6) The United Netherlands, which had revolted from Spain 
in 1562, and had formed a federal republic after 1576, had their in- 
dependence formerly recognized and are henceforth excluded from the 
Empire. The Spanish Netherlands, which remained Catholic and had 
returned to their Spanish allegiance, remained within the Empire. 

(7) The independence of the Swiss Confederation was at last 
wholly recognized. (For the growth of this Confederation see Map 7.) 

Attention should be called to the broken black line which marks 
the campaigns of Custavus Adolphus from his first invasion of Germany 
in 1 63 1 to his death in the battle of Lutzen in 1 632. 

The wide extent of the Hapsburg lands in Europe under its two 
branches continues to be a fact of first importance. Its power, however, 
was greater in seeming than in reality. Spain had already entered upon 
its decline, while Austria was still seriously threatened by the Turk and 
her territories were racially much divided. Thus, as events were to 
prove, the Hapsburg powers were no longer able to cope with France, 
whose ascendancy now begins. 

It is in Eastern Europe that future changes in the map were to be 
most marked. In 1 648 the Ottoman Empire and Poland were still at 
their maximum extent, while Sweden shut Russia out from all contact 
with the Baltic and with western Europe. Succeeding maps, especially 
No. 13, will show how this situation was altered in the course of. the 
next century and a half. 

The historian Freeman, in his Historical Geography of Europe 
(pp. 209-10) sums up the geographical changes of the seventeenth cen- 
tury in these words: "The seventeenth century is marked in German 
history by the results of the Thirty Years' War and of other changes. 
Its most important geographical result was to carry on the process which 
had begun with the Austrian house, the growth of powers holding lands 
both within and without the Empire. Thus, besides the union of the 
Hungarian kingdom with the Austrian archduchy, the King of Sweden 
now held lands as a prince of the Empire, and the same result was brought 
about in another way by the union of the Electorate of Brandenburg 
with the Duchy of Prussia. This, and other accessions of territory, now 



62 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

made Brandenburg as distinctly the first power of northern Germany as 
Austria was of southern Germany, and in the eighteenth century the 
rivalry of these two powers becomes the chief center, not only of Ger- 
man but of European politics. The union of the Electorate of Hanover 
under the same sovereign with the Kingdom of Great Britain further 
increased the number of princes ruling both within Germany and with- 
out." 

INSET. This inset shows the territorial acquisitions made by Louis 
XIV during the course of his long reign (1643-1715). These in- 
clude, in addition to the gains made in the treaties of Westphalia, the 
acquisition of a portion of the Spanish Netherlands, the Franche Comte, 
and the County of Roussillon, all won from Span. In addition there was 
an extension of the territorial sway of France in Lorraine at the expense 
of the Empire, which is difficult to represent because of its scattered 
and piecemeal character. The net result was a great stride toward the 
attainment of what was regarded as France's natural boundary on the 
northeast, namely the Rhine. The conflict for this region may be looked 
upon as a continuation of a contest between France and Germany which 
dates from the Partition of Verdun (843), and which has its part in 
the Great War of 1914. 



QUESTIONS 

Follow with the pointer on the map and describe the course of 
Gustavus Adolphus from his landing in Germany till his death. Point 
out the territorial gains, in the Peace of Westphalia, of Sweden. Of 
Brandenburg. Of Bavaria. Of Saxony. Of France. What changes 
did that peace make in the boundaries of the Empire? Point out the 
different groups of territory now ruled by Brandenburg. The lands of 
the Austrian Hapsburgs. Of the Spanish Hapsburgs. Why is Scot- 
land on this map given the same color as England? Compare the area 
of Poland with that of the Holy Roman Empire. Compare the area of 
the Ottoman Empire with that of the Holy Roman Empire. What 
island in the Eastern Mediterranean was still under Christian rule? 



MAP 1 3— EUROPE IN 1 740 
(With the Partitions of Poland, 1772, 1793, 1795) 

Main Map. This map embodies the results of the complicated 
wars and diplomatic struggles of the first half of the eighteenth century. 
That century began with the War of the Spanish Succession ( 1 70 1 - 
1713), and saw an almost continuous series of contests, the chief of 
which were the War of the Austrian Succession (1 740-48), the Seven 
Years' War (1 756-63), and the wars growing out of the French Rev- 
olution. The situation primarily depicted on this map is that established 
by the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), together with the supplementary 
negotiations and wars down to the opening in 1 740 of the great con- 
test betv/een Prussia and Austria in the War of the Austrian Succession. 

By the Treaty of Utrecht, and supplementary conventions, the 
following changes were made in Europe's political divisions: 

(1) A French (Bourbon) prince was seated on the throne of 
Spain with sovereignty also over the Spanish colonies. 

(2) The remainder of the dominions in Europe of the Spanish 
Hapsburgs — the Spanish Netherlands, the Duchy of Milan, and the 
Kingdom of the Txoo Sicilies — were given to Austria. 

(3) France was permitted to retain Alsace, including the city 
of Strassburg. 

(4) The Duke of Savoy received a portion of the Duchy of 
Milan together with the island of Sardinia; thenceforth, he bears the title 
of King of Sardinia. 

(5) The title King of Prussia, granted by the Emperor to the 
Elector of Brandenburg in 1 701, is recognized. 

(6) An unsuccessful claimant to the Polish throne (Stanislaus 
Lesczinski) received the Duchy of Lorraine by way of compensation 
(1 738) ; upon his death in 1 766 this passed to France. 

(7) The former Duke of Lorraine, Francis, received as indemni- 
fication the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, whose throne became vacant in 

63 



64 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

1 737. He also married Maria Theresa, the heiress of the Austrian 
Hapsburg dominions, thus linking the fortunes of Tuscany with that 
house. 

(8) England retained Gibraltar and Minorca in Europe, and 
received Newfoundland, Hudson's Bay territory, and certain other pos- 
sessions in the New World, together with important trading concessions 
in the Spanish colonies. 

The net result of these changes may be summed up as follows: 
( 1 ) France acquired beyond all question the position of the leading 
nation in Europe. (2) England was launched on that career of colonial 
and commercial ascendancy which made her the most prosperous coun- 
try in the world. (3) The dismemberment of The Empire continued, 
but more and more Prussia and Austria emerge as rivals for leadership 
in its affairs. 

By the Peace of Nystadt ( 1 72 1 ) , which concluded the North- 
ern War between Russia, Sweden, Denmark, Poland, etc., Russia ac- 
quired Esthonia and Livonia and so secured that outlet to the Baltic Sea 
which was an object of Peter the Great's policy. 

The chief result of the War of the Austrian Succession ( 1 740- 
48) and the Seven Years' War (1756-63) was the acquisition by 
Frederick the Great of Prussia of the Hapsburg province of Silesia, 
which is here shown with a border of the Prussian color. A more im- 
portant result, outside of Europe, was the conquest by England of 
Canada, and her triumph over the French in India, which established 
the British Empire (see Map 14). 

This map shows also the three successive partitions of Poland, in 
1 772, 1 793, and 1 795. The weakness and anarchy of that great 
kingdom made it an easy prey to its powerful and unscrupulous neigh- 
bors. Frederick the Great had long planned to secure the lands about 
Danzig which separated the territory of the former Teutonic Knights 
from Brandenburg; and it was not difficult to persuade Catherine II 
of Russia, and the Emperor Joseph II of the Hapsburg House, to agree 
to his infamous proposals. The first partition in 1 772 robbed Poland 
of about a third of its territory and half of its inhabitants; the regions 
taken are those marked on the map with that date. In the second par- 
tition, that of 1 793, Austria was ignored. The third partition, in 



TEACHER'S MANUAL 65 

1 795, was shared in by the three powers alike, and consummated the 
"vast national crime" of Poland's extinction. The territories received 
by each of the three countries — Prussia, Russia, and Austria — are 
marked with the letters P, R, and A respectively; in addition, a band 
of color indicates the total extent of the territories acquired by each. 

Although Poland was thus extinguished, the Poles have never 
become reconciled to the rule of their new masters, and frequent re- 
volts and passive resistance have been the result. In the Great War of 
1914 both sides promised the Poles a reconstitution of their kingdom, 
without however committing themselves as to the degree of independ- 
ence which was to be enjoyed. 

Aside from the extinction of Poland, foreshadowed on this map, 
the chief changes in the boundaries of Eastern Europe which are here 
depicted concern Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. The latter re- 
mained at the wide extent shown on Map 1 2 until about 1 683. After 
that date followed a decline, with the result that by 1718 Hungary 
had expanded southward to the rivers Save and Danube and the Tran- 
sylvanian Alps, which are here shown as the boundary between the 
two countries. By way of compensation, however, the Ottoman Em- 
pire had expanded in the region east of the Black Sea and north of the 
Caucasus — a poor compensation for the loss of the fertile Hungarian 
Plain. Thenceforth, the Turkish power ceased to be a menace to 
Europe. The steps in its decline and in the creation of new Christian 
states in the Balkan Peninsula are the theme of Map 21. 

INSET. This is designed to show Paris as it was during the 
French Revolution. The area colored pink is that of the city of Paris. 
The chief places connected with the Revolution — such as the Bastille, 
the Hotel de Ville, the Temple, the Palais Royal, the Jacobin Club, and 
the Tuileries — are all plainly shown. 

QUESTIONS 

Point out and name the territories which were under rulers of the 
House of Bourbon. Under the House of Hapsburg- Lorraine. What 
increase is there in the territory of Brandenburg-Prussia since 1648? 



66 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

What further increases, indicated on the map, were to take place be- 
fore the eighteenth century came to an end? What increases for Rus- 
sia? For Austria? What territories had Sweden lost since 1648? 
What changes in the possessions of Venice? Of Savoy? 



MAP 14— DISCOVERIES AND COLONIZATION TO 1763 

Main Map. This map is designed to show the earlier stages in 
that process of the Europeanization of the world which is one of the 
marked features of modern times. 

The routes of discovery include the following : ( 1 ) The jour- 
ney of Marco Polo overland to China in 1271 and his return in 1295 
— a journey which had so much to do with making known to Europe 
these distant lands, and with arousing that interest in them which con- 
tributed to the discoveries of Columbus and Vasco da Gama. (2) For 
Columbus his first and most important voyage alone is shown. As there 
were no watches in those days it was difficult to determine longitude at 
sea. Columbus therefore sailed into what he thought was the latitude 
of Cipango (Japan) and thence proceeded westward. In this course 
he was helped greatly by the trade winds, of whose existence he had 
not previously known. On his return voyage he first sought the latitude 
of Palos, and so was helped back by the westerly winds. The bend 
in the outward voyage indicates where Columbus' compass began to 
point east of north instead of west of north. (3) Both voyages of 
John Cabot are here indicated — the one revealing the coasts of Labra- 
dor and Newfoundland, the other establishing the English claim to the 
coasts of New England and the Middle States. (4) The broken black 
line indicates the voyage of Vasco da Gama around the Cape of Good 
Hope to India — in many respects the most difficult and notable voyage 
of the fifteenth century. (5) Magellan s route (1519-22) marks the 
first circumnavigation of the globe, which also laid the basis for Spain's 
acquisition of the Philippines. (6) Drake s voyage (1577-80) is mem- 
orable not merely as a phase of England's struggle with Spain, and 
as the first English circumnavigation of the globe, but also as laying 
a basis for the English claim to the Pacific Northwest. (7) Finally 
Coops first voyage (1768-71) not merely revealed for the first time 
many of the islands of the Pacific, but is the basis of the English acquisi- 
tion of New Zealand and Australia. 

67 



68 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

• 

The new regions of the world revealed by these and other voyages 
were soon occupied by the leading European powers. The result was 
the establishment of a series of colonial empires. Civilization and 
Christianity — together with European trade and . the wars and rivalries 
of European states — spread over the globe. In these conflicts Great 
Britain, by virtue of her sea power and the colonizing genius of her 
people, proved most successful. Her chief antagonist was France, and 
from the standpoint of these two powers the chief interest of the pro- 
longed wars from 1689 to 1815 is the struggle for sea power and co- 
lonial dominion. This map shows the situation as it existed at the time 
of the Treaty of Paris in 1 763, which closed the Seven Years' War. 

( 1 ) To England's thirteen colonies in North America there was 
now added Canada from France, and Florida from Spain (the latter, 
however, returned to Spain in 1783). France was thus cast entirely 
out of North America and the English colonies were free to expand 
westward to the Mississippi. At the same time the English influence 
in India was made paramount as against that of France, and the basis 
laid for her great Empire there. 

(2) Spain, which had played the chief part in the discovery of 
the New World, profited most in the extent of the territory occupied. 
By 1 763 the greater part of South America and of Central America, 
together with all of Mexico and that portion of the United States which 
lies west of the Mississippi were in her hands; she also possessed the 
greater part of the West Indies, and the Philippines in the East. 

(3) Portugal had secured Brazil, together with important dis- 
tricts on the east and west coasts of Africa. 

(4) The Dutch (United Netherlands) had secured what was, 
from the standpoint of trade, perhaps the richest portion of the new 
lands, namely, the islands of the East Indies from which came the spices 
so highly prized by Europe. In addition they had established them- 
selves at the Cape of Good Hope, and so controlled the chief ocean 
route to India. They had also established on the northern coast of 
South America their colony of Guiana, which they still retain, and also 
Ceylon at the southern extremity of India. 

(5) France retained of her former considerable empire only 
the western portion of the island of Haiti, together with certain other 



TEACHER'S MANUAL 69 

possessions in the West Indies; her colony of French Guiana on the 
northern coast of South America; and some small trading stations on 
the west coast of Africa. With inconceivable folly she had wasted 
her resources on the continent of Europe in the wars between Austria 
and Prussia, while England, with greater foresight, laid the founda- 
tion for an empire "on which the sun never sets." 

INSETS. The first inset shows on a larger scale the West Indies 
as they existed after the Peace of Paris in 1 763. The Spanish pos- 
sessions included Cuba, the eastern part of Haiti (Hispaniola), and 
Porto Rico. Great Britain possessed the Bahamas, Jamaica, Barbados, 
and a number of minor islands, together with certain rights on the main- 
land in British Honduras. France held the western half of Haiti, 
Guadeloupe, Martinique, and a number of smaller islands. 

The second inset shows India under Clive and Hastings (1755- 
1785). The yellow portions of the map show the remnants of the 
great Mogul Empire which had been founded in the first part of the 
sixteenth century, but had fallen to pieces after 1 707. The chief na- 
tive power to arise after that date, and the most dangerous foe of the 
British in India, was the Marattas, the area of whose confederacy is 
indicated on the map. The chief posts of the British East India Com- 
pany, which was England's representative in these regions until 1 859, 
were Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta, the latter the scene of the Black 
Hole atrocity of 1 756. Pondicherry had been one of the chief posts 
of the French, while Goa remained a Portugese possession. The areas 
colored pink were those in which the British East India Company exer- 
cised the chief rights of government in this period ; in addition its governors 
frequently interfered in the affairs of the native states to the financial 
profit of the Company and the governors. There was much oppres- 
sion and corruption in the operations of the East India Company, but 
on the whole its influence tended to bring order out of chaos and ulti- 
mately made for the peace and prosperity of the land. 



70 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

QUESTIONS 

Point out on the map the routes of Marco Polo, and tell what you 
can of his journey. Was the first voyage of Columbus or that of Vasco 
da Gama the more difficult? Why? What coasts were revealed by 
the voyages of John Cabot? What lands were revealed by Drake's 
voyage? By Captain Cook's voyages? Trace the course of Magel- 
lan's expedition. Point out on the map the regions in which the French 
fought the English in the Seven Years' War. ' Indicate on the inset 
map of India the chief historical events in the struggle in that land. 
Point out the changes in territory made by the Peace of Paris, 1763. 
Indicate the colonial possessions of each of the European powers after 
that date. 



MAP 15— EUROPE AT THE TIME OF NAPOLEON, 1810 

Main Map. No series of maps can show all the kaleidoscopic 
changes in the political geography of Europe effected in the meteoric 
career of Napoleon. The stage selected for representation here is that 
of the Napoleonic Empire at its height. 

The French Revolution which began in 1 789 had resulted in the 
overthrow of the monarchy, in 1 792, and the establishment of a republic. 
Napoleon's victorious campaign in Italy, in 1 796-97, together with his 
expedition to Egypt in 1 798, had given him the prestige and power which 
enabled him, in 1 799, to overthrow the Directory and establish the 
Consulate, under which he became practically the master of France. 
In 1804 he then established the French Empire, placing the crown 
upon his own head. The victories of Austerlitz (1805) and Jena 
( 1 806) reduced Austria and Prussia to submission, and almost all the 
rest of Europe came into dependent alliance with the Emperor. 

The map for 1810 shows (1) the territory directly ruled by 
Napoleon. This is colored dark green and includes, in addition to 
France itself, the following: Rome, Tuscany, and Piedmont-Savoy 
in Italy; the Austrian and the Dutch Netherlands, with a strip of Ger- 
man territory which included the important commercial cities of Bremen, 
Hamburg, and hubec\, and extended through to the Baltic Sea; and 
finally the Illyrian Provinces of Austria on the Adriatic. The map 
shows also (2) the states in close dependence upon Napoleon: Spain, 
under his brother Joseph; the Kingdom of Westphalia under his brother 
Jerome; (his brother Louis, who had been King of Holland, 1806-10, 
had forfeited that throne) ; the Kingdom of Naples under his brother-in- 
law Murat; the Kingdom of Italy, under his stepson Eugene as viceroy; 
Switzerland, increased to include nineteen cantons; the Confederation 
of the Rhine, under Napoleon himself as president; and the Grand 
Duchy of Warsaw, formed of portions of the former Kingdom of 
Poland taken from Austria and Prussia. Finally the map shows (3) 

71 



72 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

the territories allied with Napoleon: Denmark an d Norway, the King- 
dom of Prussia, and the Austrian Empire. 

The Russian Empire, which by the treaty of Tilsit (1807) en- 
tered into alliance with Napoleon, is here shown as outside the range 
of Napoleon's influence, owing to causes of friction growing out of Na- 
poleon's attempt to enforce the so-called Continental System. The 
great expansion of Russia since the date of the last map is to be noted. 
This was the work primarily of Peter the Great and Catherine II. 

Sweden, although under the rule of Bernadotte, one of Napoleon's 
marshals, as Crown Prince, was practically outside the range of his 
influence. 

Portugal was a battlefield between Napoleon's armies and those 
of England under Wellington (the Peninsular War, 1808-14). 

England alone was at this time in actual hostilities with the French 
Emperor, but her control of the seas kept Sicily and Sardinia out of 
French control and enabled her to maintain the conflict with France 
in Portugal. 

Napoleon's reorganization of Germany, culminating in his crea- 
tion of the Confederation of the Rhine, was one of his most important 
works. Since the Thirty Years' War, Germany had been a horde of 
separate states, large and small, lay and ecclesiastical. These included 
(1) the two great states, Austria and Prussia; (2) about thirty mid- 
dling states, including Bavaria, Wurttemberg, Saxony, and Baden; 
(3) about two hundred and fifty petty states, many of them ruled by 
a bishop or abbot, and frequently comprising less than twelve square 
miles in area; and (4) about fifteen hundred "knights of the empire," 
whose territories averaged less than three square miles each. Napoleon 
began his reorganization of Germany in the Treaty of Campo Formio 
(1797), which advanced the boundary of France to the Rhine and 
wiped out a hundred and twelve German states which lay west of the 
Rhine. The larger German states, Prussia, Bavaria, etc., which lost 
territories here were compensated for their losses by cessions of lands 
in other parts of Germany; at the same time they were encouraged to 
absorb the territories of the knights, towns, and petty principalities within 
their borders. The ecclesiastical states practically disappear, and the 
number of states which survived was reduced to about fifty. The Con- 



TEACHER'S MANUAL 73 

federation of the Rhine fell with Napoleon in 1814. The other changes 
survived Napoleon's downfall; they immensely simplified the political 
geography of Germany, and encouraged the rise of German national 
feeling. 

INSET. Napoleon's disastrous expedition to Moscow in 1812 
(the route of which is shown on the main map) may be taken as the 
beginning of his downfall. There followed the uprising of Germany 
in 1813, the successful completion of the Peninsular War in 1814, 
the invasion of France and Napoleon's exile to the little island of Elba, 
his return in 1815, and his final overthrow at Waterloo. 

The plan of the battle of Waterloo, which is shown in this inset, 
includes the whole region from Mons and Namur to Brussels, over which 
the Anglo-Dutch troops under Wellington and the Prussians under 
Blucher were scattered. Napoleon planned to take them by surprise, 
before they could concentrate their forces, and in this he succeeded. 
On June 1 5 he suddenly crossed the Belgian frontier and attacked 
Charleroi, which he took from the Prussians. His plan was to drive 
his army as a wedge between Blucher and Wellington, and then to deal 
with each of his enemies separately. On June 1 6 he defeated Blucher 
at Ligny, while Ney attacked the British at Quatre Bras. Napoleon 
ordered one of his generals, Grouchy, to follow Blucher, who was ex- 
pected to retreat upon Namur; he himself joined Ney on the 1 7th and 
followed the British who had retreated on the road leading to Brussels 
and were concentrating about the crossroads of Mt. St. Jean, in front 
of the village of Waterloo, from which the great battle takes its name. 

There the battle opened about midday on June 1 8. Wellington 
relied on aid promised by Blucher, who instead of falling back on 
Namur had turned northward along a series of farm roads and was 
now at Wavre; this, however, owing to the slackness of Grouchy, was 
unknown to Napoleon. Instead of maneuvering, Napoleon decided 
upon a frontal attack on the English position about La Haye Sainte. 
Three times the desperate charges of Napoleon's cavalry were repelled 
by the "thin red line" of Wellington's troops, supported by his artillery. 
Bliicher's Prussians, meanwhile, were coming into view, though their 
advance was delayed by the muddiness of the roads, due to heavy rains 



74 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

on the preceding day. About 4:30 they attacked the French army at 
Plancenoit. Thenceforth Napoleon had to face an attack upon his left 
flank, while still engaged with Wellington in front. About 7 o'clock 
the French Emperor made his last desperate effort by hurling against 
Wellington the forces of his Guard. It was in vain. An advance of 
the British and Prussians then speedily turned the French defeat into 
a rout. Napoleon had staked his all upon the outcome of this battle, 
and his defeat was followed by his second abdication and exile to the 
island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic. 

QUESTIONS 

Point out on the map the territory ruled directly by Napoleon; 
the states in close dependence on him; the territories allied with Na- 
poleon; the states entirely outside the range of his influence. What 
territories directly ruled by Napoleon were not a part of France in 
1 740 ? What new European states appear on this map which were 
wanting on the earlier map? Point out some of the places connected 
with Napoleon's campaign of 1 796-97. With his Egyptian expedition. 
With his campaign of 1805. With that of 1806. Point out some 
places prominent in the Peninsular War. Describe Napoleon's Mos- 
cow campaign, tracing the route on the map. Describe the battle of 
Waterloo, showing the locations on the inset map. 



MAP 16— EUROPE AFTER 1815 

Main Map. This map shows Europe as reconstructed by the 
Congress of Vienna. ( 1 ) France was given practically the boundaries 
she had in 1 790 ; she was thus allowed to keep Avignon, taken from the 
Papacy, and certain other minor conquests made early in the Revolution. 
The Bourbon royal line was restored under Louis XVIII. (2) The 
old dynasties were restored also in Spain, Tuscany, Naples, and other 
smaller states in Italy, together with the temporal power of the Pope 
in the Papal States. (3) Piedmont and Savoy were restored to the 
King of Sardinia, who was also given the old republic of Genoa. (4) 
Lombard}) and Venetia, together with the Illyrian Provinces, were an- 
nexed to the Austrian Empire. (5) Prussia was greatly enlarged at 
the expense partly of the Kingdom of Saxony, but chiefly through the 
secularization of ecclesiastical states in the Rhine region. (6) Bavaria, 
Wurttemberg, and Baden retained the territories and increased dignities 
conferred upon their rulers by Napoleon. (7) A new German Con- 
federation was established, consisting of thirty-eight states, to take the 
place of the old Holy Roman Empire dissolved in 1 806 ; its practical 
weakness, however, was such as to make it a mockery. (8) Switzer- 
land, enlarged to twenty-two cantons by the addition of Geneva, Neucha- 
tel, and another small district, was continued as a federal republic. 
(9) Belgium and Holland were united in the unstable Kingdom of the 
Netherlands, a union which lasted until the secession of Belgium in 1830- 
31. (10) With similar disregard to national feeling, Sweden and 
Norway were united in a single kingdom. (11) Russia was allowed 
to keep Finland, annexed in the course of the wars with Sweden, and 
the greater part of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw; Bessarabia, taken 
from Turkey in 1812, also remained in her hands. (12) Cracow be- 
came a free state, under the protection of Russia, Austria, and Prus- 
sia — a condition which lasted until its absorption by Austria in 1 846. 
(13) The Ionian Islands, which had been taken from France in the 

75 



76 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

course of the wars, were placed under British suzerainty, where they 
remained until their cession to the later Kingdom of Greece in 1863- 
64. (14) Hanover, enlarged by the addition of East Friesland and 
raised to the rank of a kingdom, was restored to- the King of England, 
its former ruler, and remained connected with that crown until the acces- 
sion of Queen Victoria in 1837. (15) The only lands won directly 
for English rule in Europe, in addition to the Ionian Islands, were the 
islands of Malta and Helgoland; outside of Europe she profited by the 
acquisition of Cape of Good Hope and various scattered island posses- 
sions taken from the Dutch and French. 

The great reduction in number of the German states, carried out 
under Napoleon's influence (see notes on Map 15), was preserved in 
the reorganization by the Congress of Vienna. This was an indispensa- 
ble step to the creation of the modern unified Germany, which was to 
come later in the nineteenth century. In the main, however, the deci- 
sions of the Congress of Vienna were opposed to the principles of nation- 
ality and popular sovereignty. It sought to bolster up absolutism and 
the old regime, and the influence of its arrangements was to retard the 
movements toward democracy and national unity to which the Industrial 
Revolution of the eighteenth century was inevitably tending. The main- 
tenance of the treaties of Vienna, therefore, is for the next thirty years 
the object of the absolutist powers, while their overthrow, in part at least, 
is the end to which is directed the efforts of the Liberal parties of 
Europe. The territorial arrangements of the Congress of Vienna, there- 
fore, constitute the starting point of nineteenth century history, and have 
important connections even with the movements leading to the Great War 
of 1914. 

INSET. This illustrates the siege of Sebastopol, the chief event 
in the Crimean War of 1854-56 between Russia on the one side and 
Turkey, Great Britain, France, and Sardinia, on the other. The plan 
shows the site of Sebastopol and its fortifications, the British and French 
lines of siege, the locations of Balaclava and Inkerman, which played 
their part in the conflict, and the scene of the "charge of the light bri- 
gade" and of the heavy brigade immortalized in Tennyson's verse. 



TEACHERS MANUAL 77 

QUESTIONS 

Compare the area of France on this map with that for 1 740. Com- 
pare Prussia as shown on this map with that for 181 0. Compare Sax- 
ony on this map with that for 1 740. Do the same for Russia. Point 
out on the map the changes made by the Congress of Vienna in the 
Scandinavian lands. In the Netherlands. Compare Italy on this map 
with that for 1 740. What region included in the Holy Roman Em- 
pire in 1 740 is excluded from the German Confederation on this map? 



MAP 17— THE BRITISH ISLES 

The four small maps on this sheet show certain historical phases 
of Scotland and Ireland respectively, prior to the nineteenth century. 

( 1 ) The first map of Scotland shows the location of the prin- 
cipal Highland clans and Lowland families, together with the line which 
roughly separates the Highlands from the Lowlands. Many Americans 
of Scottish descent will be interested, no doubt, in seeing the Old Coun- 
try locations of their ancestors. 

(2) The second map of Scotland is intended to illustrate chiefly 
the Jacobite uprising of 1 745. It shows the voyage of the Young Pre- 
tender, Charles Stuart, from France to the Highlands, and his line of 
march through Scotland into England, and back again from Derby to 
the final overthrow of his cause at Culloden in 1 746. It is to be re- 
gretted that it is impossible to show upon the map the romantic wan- 
derings of this young prince after the collapse of his cause and before 
his final escape to the continent. On this map are indicated the sites 
of the chief battles, not merely of this period, but those of earlier date. 
The physical features of Scotland can best be seen on the large map. 

(3) The first map of Ireland presents the location of the chief 
clans and families of that island. The sloping names in capitals and 
"lower case" are those of Irish (Celtic) clans; those entirely in capital 
letters of the same style represent Norman families settled in Ireland. 
This map also shows the area included within the "Pale" about 1 51 5 — 
that is, the area directly ruled by the English governors in Ireland. The 
names in heavy upright capitals are those of the four chief provinces into 
which the island was divided. 

(4) The second map, representing Ireland in the sixteenth and 
seventeenth centuries, is designed especially to show the area of English 
confiscations of land and colonization thereon. The buff areas show 
the localities confiscated and "planted" in the time of the Tudors, espe- 
cially under Elizabeth and Mary. The pink represents the great planta- 

78 



TEACHER'S MANUAL 79 

tion of Ulster and subordinate regions by James I of the House of 
Stuart. The Pale as it existed in 1 64 1 , at the time of the great Irish 
rebellion, is colored purple. The lands allotted by Cromwell, at a 
later date, to English soldiers and adventurers included the whole of 
Ulster, Leinster, and Munster, together with certain portions of Con- 
naught. 

Large Map. This is the only separate map of the British Isles 
in the series. It is useful, therefore, as showing the general relations 
of England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and the outlying islands; it should 
not be forgotten however that the Channel Islands (Jersey, Guernsey, 
and Alderney) which lie off the coast of France, have also been under 
English rule ever since the Norman Conquest ( 1 066) . 

The main purpose of this map is to show the redistribution of Par- 
liamentary representation effected by the great Parliamentary Reform 
Act of 1832. (The outlines of the counties are shown on this map; 
for the names of the English counties see Map 11.) 

Prior to 1 832 every county in England (except Yorkshire, which 
since 1 82 1 had four seats) and Ireland sent two members to the British 
House of Commons. Wales sent one from each county, and Scotland 
one (certain Scottish counties alternated in the right to return members). 
The Reform Act of 1 832 gave to each county in England and Wales 
a representation roughly proportionate to its population, the number of 
representatives so given being shown by the figures on the face of the 
map. Ireland continued to send two representatives from each county, 
and Scotland one from each county, except that certain small counties 
were represented jointly. 

More important than the changes in the representation of the coun- 
ties were the changes in the representation of the boroughs. Prior to 
the Reform Act of 1832 every English city and borough returned two 
members, with the following exceptions: Monmouth, Abingdon, Ban- 
bury, Higham Ferrers, and Bewdley, returned one member each; and 
London returned four members. The two great evils in the representa- 
tion of the boroughs were : ( 1 ) the large number of insignificant places 
in the south and west of England which sent representatives; and (2) 
the lack of representation of the great manufacturing centers which had 



80 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

arisen in the northern half of England as a result of the Industrial Revo- 
lution. The former were what were known as "rotten" or "pocket" 
boroughs. One of the purposes of the Reform Act was to redress these 
inequalities in representation. The specific changes made are indicated 
on the map by the use of separate symbols to show: (1) The bor- 
oughs which returned two members before 1 832 and kept their represen- 
tation unchanged after that date. (2) Those which returned one mem- 
ber before and after 1832. (3) The "rotten boroughs" which had 
returned two members before 1 832 and were now totally disfranchised. 
The great number of these in Cornwall and Devonshire should be noted. 
(4) Those which formerly had returned two members but were now 
reduced to one. (The foregoing symbols, which with the exception of 
the first two indicate total or partial disfranchisement, are in solid black ; 
together with the next group, these symbols indicate the boroughs which 
were represented before 1832.) (5) Boroughs whose representation 
was increased from one member to two. (6) Those hitherto without 
separate representation which were now given two seats. (7) Those 
hitherto unrepresented which were given one seat each. (The last three 
groups are shown by lightface symbols.) 

The "City" of London — that is, the financial and business sec- 
tion of the metropolis, corresponding to the medieval London shown 
on Map 3 — continued to return its four members. In addition, West- 
minster continued to return two members; and five new constituencies, 
each returning two members, were erected in the metropolis. Attention 
should be drawn to the fact, as shown upon the map, that Cambridge 
University and Oxford University continued to return two members to 
Parliament, in addition to the two returned respectively by the boroughs 
of Cambridge and Oxford. 

In Scotland a complicated arrangement was continued by which 
a number of small boroughs were grouped together, each group return- 
ing one member to the British Parliament. Boroughs so grouped are 
joined by lines on the map. The same is true of boroughs similarly 
linked in Wales. 

The total number of members from England (including county, bor- 
ough, and university) was 471, from Wales 29, from Scotland 53, 
from Ireland 1 05 ; making a total membership of 658. 



TEACHER'S MANUAL 81 

The changes made in the franchise, or right of voting for members, 
which were even more important from the standpoint of democracy and 
progress than the changes in representation, can not be represented on 
any map. Subsequent reform acts, especially those of 1867, 1884, 
and 1885, still further altered both the distribution of parliamentary 
representation and the right of franchise. 

QUESTIONS 

What family names represented in your school can be traced back 
to Scottish clans shown on this map? What ones to Irish clans? What 
ones to Norman families in Ireland? Tell the story of the invasion 
of the Young Pretender in 1 745, tracing his route on the map. Point 
out the four territorial divisions of Ireland. Tell what the Pale was 
and compare its extent in 1515 with that in 1 641 . What do the "pl an " 
tations" shown on this map tell us as to one of the chief grievances of 
Ireland? 

What important battles have taken place in Scotland? What ones 
in Ireland? Point out each of these on the map. 

Compare the area and location of each of the four chief divisions 
of the British Isles. 

Where do most of the English boroughs lie which lost one member 
or were totally disfranchised in 1832? What is the explanation? 
Where are the ones which were enfranchised with one or two mem- 
bers? How do you account for this? 



MAP 18— INDUSTRIAL ENGLAND 

The first of the two maps here presented shows the distribution 
of population in England about 1 700, while the second represents the 
population densities of 1916. A comparison of the two maps shows 
graphically the effect upon population of the Industrial Revolution, which 
began in England about 1 750, and which has gone on in ever increasing 
measure to the present time. 

The densely populated regions in 1 700 coincided with the areas of 
rich soil — areas underlain with limestone or chalk. Britain would soon 
have reached her limit of population if she had relied upon agriculture 
alone. But the Industrial Revolution, by substituting machine labor 
for hand labor, enormously increased her manufactures of wool, cotton, 
iron, pottery, etc., and gave her surplus manufactured goods to exchange 
for food products and raw materials of other countries. Thus it be- 
came possible for her to support an almost limitless population, so long 
as she could find markets for her manufactured goods and her control 
of the sea enabled her to import the needed supplies. 

In the large map for 1 9 1 6 we note this great increase in popula- 
tion. The strictly agricultural areas have changed but little, while the 
areas of dense population coincide very closely with the coal areas as 
shown by the inset to the first map. The invention of the steam engine 
to drive the new machines for spinning and weaving made it possible to 
utilize the vast stores of energy of past ages in the form of coal, which 
constitute so large a part of the natural wealth of Great Britain. It 
proved to be easier on the whole to move to the coal areas the supplies 
of raw materials for manufacturing than to move the bulky coal. This 
in part accounts for the concentration of the industrial populations about 
these coal areas. 

As in our modern cities the produce commission houses, tend to 
gather together in certain streets, and other industries group themselves 
in other localities, so in Great Britain the woolen and other industries 

82 



TEACHERS MANUAL 83 

tended to gather about certain cities, or districts, or coal areas. Thus 
the coal area on the eastern flank of the Pennine chain may roughly 
be considered a woolen area, with Leeds as its chief center. The west 
Pennine slope has a moister climate favorable to the working of the 
longer staple of cotton, so this is utilized for the manufacture of cotton 
cloth, centering about Manchester. The coal at the south end of the 
Pennine is utilized chiefly in iron manufactures, the center of this industry 
being Birmingham. Even before the Industrial Revolution, while iron 
was still smelted with charcoal, there was a considerable iron manufac- 
ture here, owing to the presence of the large forest of Nottingham (shown 
on Map 5). The coal of the Newcastle district is used chiefly to supply 
the city of London, as it is conveniently located for water transportation. 
Newcastle is noted as a center of machine manufacture and its coal 
is used also to supply the merchant marine and for export. The coal 
of the South Wales district, which is the best in the British Isles, is 
used largely for the navy, for the merchant marine, and for export. 
There is also considerable iron manufacture in this region. 

In 1 700 industry was not nearly so localized as is shown by the 
later map. Thus the map for 1 700 shows the word "woolens" ap- 
pearing in about a dozen places. This is owing to the fact that, be- 
fore the Industrial Revolution, all industry was on what has been called 
the "domestic system" ; that is, there was no power-driven machinery 
and no concentration of workers in factories. Instead, the spinning, 
weaving, and like industries were carried on in cottages by workers 
who, in the main, owned their own tools, worked up material which they 
themselves had purchased, and who supported themselves in part at 
least from the cultivation of small tracts of land connected with their 
cottages. Problems of capital, labor, and unemployment, as well as those 
which arise from the modern congestion of labor in industrial centers, 
were thus alike absent. The industries which prevailed were largely 
of the textile variety, and were scattered here and there about England; 
about Norwich, however, was an important region of woolen manu- 
facture which has given to us the name "worsted" from the little town 
of Worstead where it centered. The inset map for 1916 shows how 
greatly the centers of manufacture have shifted from these early domes- 
tic sites. The separate colors and symbols used on this inset show not 



84 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

merely the present day centers of woolen, cotton, and silk manufacture, 
but also the chief sites of the machinery trades and shipbuilding. 

Another feature of interest in these maps is the development of 
routes of communication. In 1 700 the roads of England were in a 
wretched condition, and at certain times of the year travel by carriage 
or heavy cartage was practically impossible. Such roads as still existed 
were very largely the remains of the old Roman roads; the map shows 
by heavier lines the portions of the roads in use which were of Roman 
foundation. (A comparison of this map with Map 5A showing the 
Roman reads in the Saxon period will be instructive.) Improvements 
of importance were made in the second half of the nineteenth century 
through the institution of turnpike roads, and the development of better 
methods of road building by MacAdam (from whose name has come 
the term "macadamized") and Telford. The great development in 
means of communicaticn came only after the second quarter of the nine- 
teenth century through the introduction of steam railroads. The map 
for 1916 shows clearly how the chief railroad systems of Great Britain 
follow the lines of the old highways, which in turn were a continua- 
tion of the Roman system of roads. 

The importance of this industrial development of England should 
be emphasized. It was this which gave England its surplus of products 
seeking markets, which in turn stimulated shipping and contributed to 
the development of that great colonial empire "on which the sun never 
sets." To protect shipping and colonies, as well as to defend its island 
kingdom, Great Britain was obliged to become a great naval power, 
the greatest the world has ever seen. Finally, it was the wealth derived 
from its manufactures and commerce which enabled Great Britain in 
the wars with Revolutionary and Napoleonic France to become the pay- 
master of successive coalitions, and so to free Europe from the tyranny 
of Napoleonic dictation. Similarly, it is Great Britain's wealth, de- 
rived from industry and commerce, and the strength of her navy, which 
enable her to play her part in the Great War of 1914. 



TEACHER'S MANUAL 85 

QUESTIONS 

Point out on the map for 1 700 the areas having more than 1 28 
inhabitants to the square mile. Do most of these lie north or south of 
a line drawn from the Wash to the mouth of the Severn? Compare 
the distribution of population on the map for 1916. What industry 
explains the density of population about Newcastle, as shown on the 
map for 1700? About Leeds? Bury and Rochdale? Wigan? Bir- 
mingham? Norwich? Leicester? What explanation can you give for 
the density of population about London? In the valley of the Thames? 
About Bath? About Southampton and Portsmouth? 

Point out the connection between the coal areas and the centers 
of densest population as shown on the map for 1916. Compare the rail- 
way routes as shown on this map with the roads as shown on the map 
for 1 700. Point out the chief centers of the woolen industry in 1916; 
cotton; machinery; shipbuilding. 

Do you see any connection between the shift in population and the 
demand for parliamentary reform referred to in Map 17? 



MAP 19— MODERN ITALY 

The first of the two maps here presented shows the unification of 
Italy from 1815 to 1870; the second portrays the distribution of popula- 
tion densities as they existed in 1916, with their industrial implications. 

FlRST Map. The Congress of Vienna, in 1815, restored in the 
main the old state system, with the former dynasties, and gave Italy 
the boundaries indicated upon the map. The leading states were : ( 1 ) 
the Kingdom of Sardinia, including Piedmont, Genoa, Nice, and Savoy ; 
(2) Lombard}? and Venetia, which were provinces of the Austrian Em- 
pire; (3) the Duchies of Parma and Modena; (4) the Grand Duchy 
of Tuscany, under a Hapsburg prince; (5) the Papal States, including 
the Romagna and the regions about Ancona and Rome; and (6) the 
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, under a Bourbon king. Their brief 
experience of unity and enlightened rule under Napoleon had whetted 
the appetite of Italians for national union and constitutional govern- 
ment. The attempted revolutions of 1 82 1 -22, of 1 830, and of 
1 848-49, however, were put down by French and Austrian intervention. 
Sardinia-Piedmont alone preserved the constitution which it had gained 
in the course of these struggles, and the patriotic part played by its sov- 
ereigns made it the natural center about which unification should take 
place. 

The steps in that unification are indicated by the coloring of the 
map. (1) Through successful war with Austria, in 1859 — a war in 
which Napoleon III of France lent indispensable support — Sardinia 
annexed Lombard}). The price of the aid furnished by Napoleon 
III was the cession to France of Nice and Savoy, the regions barred 
with green on the map. (2) Revolutions meanwhile had broken out 
in the regions marked purple on the map — Parma, Modena, Romagna, 
and Tuscany — and, against the will of Napoleon III, Sardinia accepted 
the sovereignty of these regions proffered by the inhabitants in May, 

86 



TEACHERS MANUAL 87 

1860. (3) The regions colored pink are those annexed to Sardinia in 
November, 1 860. The northern section, like Romagna, was formerly 
a part of the Papal States and had been freed from Papal rule by the 
forces of King Victor Emmanuel. The Kingdom of the Trvo Sicilies, 
annexed at the same time, was won for Sardinia through the brilliant 
campaign of Garibaldi's filibustering expedition of "redshirts," and the 
support subsequently given by the Sardinian government. (4) Venetia 
was won through alliance with Prussia at the time of the latter's Seven 
Weeks' War with Austria, in 1 866 ; this acquisition is colored buff. 
(5) Finally, upon the withdrawal of the French troops from Rome, 
in 1870, at the time of the Franco-German War, the last remnant of 
the Papal States, colored a reddish green, was acquired. (6) There 
still remained outside of the new Kingdom of Italy thus formed, the 
regions barred with red upon the map and styled by Italians Italia Irre- 
denta, or unredeemed Italy. The participation of Italy in the War of 
1914 was largely to acquire these districts. The little republic of San 
Marino also still maintains its independence and is technically outside the 
Kingdom of Italy; but this creates no difficulties. 

To the five existing Great Powers of Europe — Britain, France, 
Germany, Austria, and Russia — there was thus added a sixth, the King- 
dom of Italy. Its creation was one of the outstanding events of the 
nineteenth century. The statesman whose genius brought about this uni- 
fication was Cavour, the prime minister of Sardinia-Piedmont. . He 
did not live, however, to see the completion of this work, for he died 
in 1861. 

Second Map. The population map of Italy in 1916 shows how 
largely the distribution of population in this country is affected by geo- 
graphical conditions. The rich agricultural plain of the Po Valley, 
the coastal land along the Adriatic, Tuscany, the Campania, Apulia, 
and certain reg'ons in Sicily, owe their density of population to the fer- 
tility of the soil and the favorable climatic conditions which render pos- 
sible the cultivation of the vine, the olive, the orange and lemon, and 
the silkworm. The chief centers of manufacture, especially of textiles 
and art products, are about Milan, Turin, Florence, and Naples. The 
late development of the Industrial Revolution in Italy meant comparative 



88 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

poverty for that kingdom, This in turn necessitated high taxes to sup- 
port the necessary armaments and public improvements, including educa- 
tion; and the high taxes in turn contribute to industrial unrest, and to- 
gether with the overcrowded condition of the peninsula have led to the 
Italian emigration to the United States. 

QUESTIONS 

Name and bound the independent states of Italy as they existed 
in 1815. What territories in Italy were ruled by Austria? Point out 
the railroads which existed in 1859. How would these, assist the King 
of Sardinia in making war on Austria? Point out the territory ruled by 
Victor Emmanuel prior to 1859. What territory did he gain in 1859? 
Locate the battles of Magenta and Solferino. What territories did he 
gain in May, 1860? How were these acquired? What territories did 
he cede to France? What territories were gained by Victor Emmanuel 
in November, 1860? How were these acquired? What territories 
were acquired in 1866? In 1870? What territories claimed by Italy 
were still "unredeemed" from Austrian rule? 

Where were the greatest population densities in Italy in 1916? 
What is the explanation of the concentration of population in these re- 
gions? Compare the railroad system of 1916 with that of 1 859. What 
are some of the Alpine passes through which these railroads find outlets? 
Which of the Italian railroads follow the lines of ancient Roman roads? 
What explanation can you give for this? 



MAP 20— MODERN GERMANY 

MAIN Map. The development of a united Germany through the 
founding of the modern German Empire, in 1871, is an even more 
striking feature of nineteenth century history than the unification of 
Italy. 

The German Confederation which was established by the Con- 
gress of Vienna (1815) was so feeble as to be almost a laughing stock. 
Three features of the German situation, however, contained promise of 
better things. ( 1 ) The old Holy Roman Empire, which for genera- 
tions, as Voltaire had wittily said, was "neither Holy, nor Roman, 
nor an Empire," had disappeared from the map in 1 806, with the abdi- 
cation of the last Emperor, Francis II, who thenceforth reigned as Em- 
peror of Austria. (2) Through the policy of Napoleon and the greed 
of German princes, the chaos of petty German states, lay and ecclesiasti- 
cal, had been reduced in number to thirty-eight. This end was attained 
through the extinction of the ecclesiastical states and the absorption by 
the larger states of their petty neighbors (see notes to Map 15). The 
problem of German unity, which seemed so insuperable in earlier days, 
was thus greatly simplified. (3) Prussia, in spite of her crushing de- 
feat by Napoleon at Jena and her dismemberment in the treaty of Tilsit 
(1807), emerged from the Congress of Vienna with her territory con- 
siderably augmented, and was prepared to battle with Austria for Ger- 
man ascendancy. The areas colored light purple on the map indicate 
the extent of Prussia in 1815. 

The abortive attempt in 1 848-9 to achieve German unity under the 
crown, of Prussia failed through the weakness of the Prussian king and 
Austria's truculent opposition. A customs union (Zollverein) , how- 
ever, under Prussian headship united practically all of Germany out- 
side Austria in ties of economic interest, which insensibly paved the way 
for political union; and Bismarck's stronghanded measures prepared in 

89 



90 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

Prussia the military strength which should enable her to cope with Aus- 
tria. In the Seven Weeks' War of 1 866, Austria was crushingly 
defeated. Although no territory was taken from Austria, the German 
states which had sided with her in the war (Hanover, Hesse-Nassau, 
and the free city of Frankfort) were annexed to Prussia, together with 
Schlesrvig and Holstein, which Austria and Prussia had jointly wrested 
from Denmark in 1 864. These lands, colored pink on the map, rounded 
out Prussia's dominions and enabled her to establish in 1 866 the North 
German Confederation whose boundaries are shown by the broken red 
line on the map. The final step in the unification of Germany, with 
Austria left out, came in 1871, through the Franco-German war, which 
was so unscrupulously provoked by Bismarck's policy of "blood and 
iron." On January 18, 1871, in the French royal palace, at Versailles, 
there was then proclaimed the new German Empire under the King of 
Prussia as hereditary German Emperor. The Peace of Frankfort, which 
ended the war with France, annexed to the new Empire the territory of 
Alsace-Lorraine. 

The area of the new Empire is indicated on the map by surface 
coloring, and by the heavy red line (partly broken and partly solid). 
It included twenty-five sovereign states as follows: Kingdoms — Prus- 
sia, Bavaria, Saxony, and Wurttemberg. Grand duchies — Baden, 
Hesse, Mecfylenburg-Schiverin, Meckelburg-Sirelitz, Saxe-Weimar, and 
Oldenburg. Duchies — Brunswick, Saxe-M e'mingen, Saxe-Altenburg, 
Saxe-Coburg-Cotha, and Anhalt. Principalities — Schrvarzburg-Son- 
dershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Waldeck, Reuss (Elder Line), 
Reuss (Younger Line), Schaumburg-Lippe, and Lippe. Free towns — 
Lubeck, Bremen, and Hamburg. Imperial land — Alsace-Lorraine. 
Eleven of the above states are not named on the map, owing to their 
small size. The territorial extent of the Empire remained unchanged 
down to the War of 1914. Prussia exercised an overwhelming pre- 
ponderance in the government of the Empire by her possession of 1 7 out 
of the 61 votes in the upper house (Bundesrath) and 236 out of the 
397 in the lower house (Reichstag) . The enormous increase in political 
and military power of Germany under the Empire is one of the striking 
features of the second half of the nineteenth century, and one which 
led directly to the European War of 1914. 



TEACHER'S MANUAL 91 

Other Features of the Map. The map shows Belgium and 
Holland united in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, a situation which 
continued until 1831. The blue portion of Switzerland is the district of 
Neuchatel, which was held by Prussia as a member of the Swiss Confed- 
eration from 1707 to 1857. The small area inclosed by red lines on 
the upper Rhine and bordering Switzerland on the east is the little Prin- 
cipality of Liechtenstein. This was apparently forgotten at the Congress 
of Vienna ; it was not included in the German Confederation, nor has it 
been incorporated with any other state, so it must be looked upon as 
absolutely independent. In accordance with this position it issued its 
separate declaration of neutrality in the War of 1914. 

INSET. Equally notable with increase in political and military power 
was Germany's rapid increase in population, in industries and commerce, 
and in wealth, which made that military and political power possible. In 
part, this economic development was founded upon the enormous indem- 
nity of one billion dollars which Germany extorted from defeated France. 
In part, also, it was based upon the rich mines of iron and coal which 
underlay the annexed territory of Alsace-Lorraine, and certain regions 
in Rhenish Prussia. The natural industry and capacity of the German 
people, together with wise measures of the German government, were also 
factors in this unparalleled development. 

The inset to this map shows the distribution of population in Ger- 
many and Central Europe at the end of the first decade of the twentieth 
-century. It is not possible to show upon this map by separate symbols the 
localization of the different industries. In general, however, it may be 
said that the chief seats of the iron manufacture are in Rhenish Prussia, 
Alsace-Lorraine, Bavaria, and Saxony. Cotton goods are largely pro- 
duced in Baden, Bavaria, Alsace-Lorraine, and Wurttemberg; wh : le 
woolens are manufactured in Saxony and the Rhine province, and silks 
in Rhenish Prussia, Alsace, and Baden. Glass and porcelain are among 
the productions of Bavaria, while chemicals are largely produced in the 
Prussian province of Saxony. 

This map also shows the great concentration of population in 
Belgium, due to its successful prosecution of manufactures of iron, wool- 
ens, cottons, and laces, and also to its rich mines of coal and its quarries 



92 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

of marble, granite, and slate. The economic wealth of Belgium and 
northern France was one of the motives for the occupation of these 
regions by Germany in the Great War of 1914. 

QUESTIONS 

Compare the boundaries of the German Empire, as shown on this 
map, with those of the North German Confederation of 1 866. What 
states included in the former were excluded from the latter? Compare 
the boundaries of the German Confederation of 1815 (see Map 16) 
with that of the Empire as here shown. What is the chief difference 
you note? Point out and name the chief states of the modern German 
Empire. How does the area of Prussia compare with that of the rest 
of Germany? Point out and name an important city in each of the 
leading German states, telling, if you can, why it is important. Point 
out the territory taken by Prussia from Denmark in 1 864. Do the same 
for the annexations she made in 1 866. What territory was taken by 
Germany from France in 1871 ? What island ceded to Germany by 
Great Britain in 1890 was an important naval station in the War of 
1914? Point out the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal. What part did it play 
in the War of 1914? 

Point out the centers of greatest population density in Central 
Europe in 1914, and tell what you can of the industrial reasons for this 
development. What is the explanation of the dense population in the 
Rhine Valley north of Cologne? In Belgium? South of Leipzig? 



MAP 21— THE BALKAN STATES 

The two maps on this sheet show, respectively, the Balkan States 
from 1683 to 1877, and the Balkan States from 1878 to 1914. 

FlRST Map. The heavy red line shows the Turkish Empire in 
Europe as it was in 1 683, when the Ottoman power was at its height. 
The Turkish territories then stretched from beyond Budapest on the Dan- 
ube, the Carpathians, and the head waters of the Bug River, to the Black 
Sea, the Aegean, and the Ionian Sea. Except for Dalmatia, which was 
subject to the Venetian Republic, and Montenegro, which was semi- 
independent, the whole of this territory was under the rule of the Turkish 
sultan. The territories which were freed from Turkish rule before 1878 
are here indicated, and the date of liberation of each district is given upon 
the map. The districts colored yellow were acquired by Russia; those 
colored dark buff, by Austria (Dalmatia was acquired not from Turkey, 
but from Venice)*; while Serbia, Greece, and Roumania, became inde- 
pendent or semi-independent states at the dates indicated. The Ionian 
Islands belonged to Venice to 1797; from 1797 to 1809, they were 
under French rule; then Great Britain ruled them from 1809 to 1864, 
when she voluntarily transferred them to the Kingdom of Greece. The 
broken red line on this map shows the area which Russia, by the Treaty of 
San Stefano, attempted to secure in 1878 for Bulgaria. The interven- 
tion, however, of Great Britain and Austria and the support given them 
by Prussia, led to the revision of this treaty in the Congress of Berlin 
(1878), with the result that Bulgaria was given the much smaller area 
shown on the second map. 

SECOND Map. The starting point of this map is the boundaries 
created by the Treaty of Berlin in 1878, following the successful war 
waged by Russia against Turkey in behalf of the Christian populations 
of the Balkans. The boundaries of the Balkan states in that treaty, 
where they differ from existing boundaries, are shown by broken red 
lines. In general, the conditions created by the Treaty of Berlin remained 

93 



94 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

with little change until the Balkan wars of 1912-13. The additions of 
territory to the several states made between 1878 and 1914 are shown 
by darker shades of the color used for each country, while the new 
boundaries, as they existed at the close of this period, are shown by the 
lines of dashes and crosses printed in red. Thus ( 1 ) the boundary of 
Greece was pushed northward to include Macedonia, while at the same 
time Crete, Chios, Mitylene, and other islands in the Aegean, were 
annexed to it. (2) Serbia received a great extension to the south, nearly 
doubling its area, and recovering for this kingdom a large portion of 
the territory formerly ruled by its great king, Stephen Dushan, in the 
fourteenth century (see Map 7). (3) Bulgaria, which had annexed 
Eastern Roumelia in 1885, and had become an independent kingdom in 
1 908, at the time of the Turkish Revolution, received an outlet to the 
Aegean, together with other additions which gave it almost as large an 
extent as that proposed by the Treaty of San Stefano. (4) On the other 
hand, Bulgaria was obliged to cede to Roumania the district from Silis- 
tria to the Black Sea, thus completing Roumania's acquisition of the 
Dobrudja, which had begun in 1878, when Russia took from her her 
share of Bessarabia. (5) Montenegro, which had been completely 
independent since 1878, was enlarged by a slice of territory to the east; 
the jealousy of Austria and Italy, however, prevented her securing 
Scutari. (6) Albania, with its disunited and barbarous mountain tribes, 
was set up as an independent principality under a German prince. This 
territory, so necessary to Serbia as a means of affording her an outlet 
to the sea, was withheld from her through the jealous interference of 
Austria and Italy. (7) Bosnia and Herzegovina, which had been 
rescued from Turkish misgovernment by Russia's arms in 1877, had 
been placed by the Congress of Berlin under Austrian occupation. Aus- 
tria seized the opportunity offered by the disorders in the Turkish Empire, 
and the preoccupation of the other Powers, to declare in 1 908 that she 
would no longer be bound by her promises, and, with German support, 
calmly annexed these districts to the Austrian crown. (8) By the 
treaties of 1913 the only land left to the Turkish Empire in Europe was 
the small district enclosed by a line which ran from the mouth of the 
Maritza river to near Adrianople, and thence eastward to the Black Sea. 
It is not too much to say that the rivalries of the Great Powers for 



TEACHERS MANUAL 95 

territory and prestige in the Balkan Peninsula were one of the chief causes 
of the great European War which broke out in 1914. Russia, as the 
leading Slav state and the protector of the Greek Christians, had inter- 
fered single-handed in their defense in 1 828, to set Greece free, and again 
in 1877, to liberate the oppressed Christians of Bulgaria, Serbia, and 
Bosnia-Herzegovina. She naturally claimed, therefore, the role of pro- 
tector of the new Christian States. Austria, however, ever since her 
exclusion from reorganized Germany in 1 866, had looked to the Balkan 
Peninsula for compensation, and cherished plans for expansion to the 
Aegean Sea. In these plans she had the encouragement and the active 
support of the German Empire. Italy also had its interest in the Balkan 
Peninsula, which lay less than sixty miles across the Strait of Otranto 
from the heel of Italy. Great Britain and France cherished no terri- 
torial ambitions in these regions; but Great Britain feared a Russian ad- 
vance on Constantinople, which would give her an outlet to the eastern 
Mediterranean, and thus permit her to challenge the security of Britain's 
communications by means of the Suez Canal with her Indian pos- 
sessions. Here was a tangle of interests, real and imaginary, which was 
almost impossible of peaceable solution. There is nothing strange, 
therefore, in the fact that it was in the uneasy lands of the Balkans that 
the spark was applied to the magazine which resulted in the Great War 
of 1914. 

QUESTIONS 

Point out (on the first map) the extreme boundaries of Turkey in 
Europe in 1683. Point out the territory lost to Russia by 1877, stating 
the dates. Do the same for Austria. Indicate the independent and 
semi-independent states arising on Turkish territory before 1877, giving 
dates. Trace the boundary of remaining Turkish territory in 1877. 

On the second map show the boundaries of Bulgaria as actually 
established in 1878. Compare (on the first map) the boundaries as 
proposed by Russia in the Treaty of San Stefano. What gains did 
Russia make in 1878? Roumania? Serbia? What change in the 
status of Bosnia and Herzegovina in that year? What additions in 
territory did Greece receive subsequent to 1878? Point out the terri- 
torial changes made by the Balkan wars in 1913. Trace the boundaries 
of each Balkan state as it existed in 1914. 



MAP 22— THE WORLD IN 1914 

MAIN Map. This shows the world as it existed on the eve of the 
Great World War. A comparison with Map 1 4 will show how greatly 
the process of Europeanizing the world had progressed since 1 763. ( 1 ) 
The thirteen British colonies, now the United States, have achieved their 
independence, expanded to the Pacific, and annexed Alaska and the 
Philippine Islands, together with certain other smaller possessions not 
here indicated, the district lying on each side of the Panama Canal being 
one of these. (2) The British Empire has grown through the expansion 
of Canada to the Pacific, the colonization of Australia and New Zea- 
land, the development of British rule in India and neighboring Asiatic 
lands, and the establishment of numerous and extensive colonies and 
dependencies in Africa ; the union of the chief of the latter by means of 
a railway stretching from Cape Town on the south to Cairo on the 
north was well under way. (3) The Dutch colonies remain much as 
they had been in 1 763, except that Cape Colony and Ceylon were lost 
to Great Britain during the Napoleonic wars. (4) Portugal still main- 
tained a precarious hold on her colonies in southern Africa, but had lost 
Brazil, which was now an independent republic. (5) The once vast 
colonial empire of Spain, however, had now almost totally disappeared 
through the successful revolt of her Central and South American colonies, 
the liberation of Cuba by the United States, and the annexation by the 
latter power of Porto Rico and the Philippines. (6) France had gained 
a new colonial Empire in Africa, in Madagascar, and in Indo-China. 
(7) Belgium had acquired the former Congo Free State, which her 
canny king, Leopold II, had set up as a personal possession in 1883, 
following the discovery of the Congo river by the Anglo-American 
explorer, Stanley. (8) Italy, too, had embarked upon a career of 
colonial expansion; first in Eritrea and Somaliland on the African side 
of the Gulf of Aden, and subsequently through the conquest from 
Turkey, in 1912-13, of Tripoli, bordering upon the Mediterranean. 

96 



TEACHER'S MANUAL 97 

(9) Finally, Germany, seeking to find an outlet for her rapidly growing 
population and trade, had begun the acquisition of a colonial empire — 
in the Kamerun, German Southwest Africa, German East Africa, etc., 
and in various islands of the Pacific. 

It was the British occupation of Egypt in 1881, and the German 
seizure of Kamerun in 1884, which precipitated the scramble among 
European powers for African territory. Thenceforth, increasing tension 
entered into the relations of the European Powers. The American War 
with Spain in 1 898, the conquest of the Boer republics (the Transvaal 
and the Orange Free State) in 1899-1901, and the friction between 
Germany and France over Morocco (1905-1 1 ), added to the increasing 
rivalry and hostility between the Great Powers, and had their part in 
producing the War of 1914. 

Other features shown by the main map are the expansion of the 
Russian Empire in Asia, and the construction of the great Trans-Siberian 
railway (completed in 1902); the partial partition of Persia between 
Russia and Great Britain (1907); the formation of the Republic of 
China (1912); and the expansion of Japan, through the conquest of 
Formosa from China (1895) and the occupation of Korea (Chosen) 
as a result of her successful war with Russia in 1904-05. 

INSETS. The first inset shows India in 1858, at the time of the 
great Sepoy rebellion. A comparison of this map with the second inset 
on Map 14 is instructive. The increased area colored pink shows the 
extent to which territories had been brought under the direct rule of 
the East India Company by 1805. The regions colored huff are those 
added to the dominions of the Company between 1 805 and 1 858. The 
areas colored yellow represent dependent states. The causes of the 
Mutiny are to be found, first, in this rapid extension of British rule; sec- 
ond, in the progress being made by railways, telegraphic lines, and other 
European improvements; and third, in various needless affronts offered 
to the religious susceptibilities of Hindus and Mohammedans alike. The 
chief sites connected with the history of the revolt, including Meerut, 
Lucknow, Cawnpore, Delhi, and Lahore, are shown. Following the 
quelling of the Mutiny, the rule of India was at last transferred from 
the East India Company to the British government; and the lesson taught 



98 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

the British led to such changes in policy that in the Great War of 1914 
India remained loyal to its British rulers. The areas in India directly 
ruled by the British and those left to the rule of dependent states remain 
today much as is shown upon this map; outside of India proper, how- 
ever, as is evidenced by the main map, there has taken place a very 
considerable extension of British rule. 

The second inset illustrates the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05. 
It shows the relative positions of Japan, Russia, China, and Korea, as 
they existed before the war, together with the ports occupied by the 
European Powers after they had forced Japan to relinquish Port Arthur 
in 1895. These include Kiaochow, seized by Germany in 1897; Port 
Arthur, seized by Russia in 1898; and Wei-hai-wei, taken in self defense 
by the British in 1 898. The chief causes of the war, aside from Japan's 
resentment at the interference of the European Powers, were Russia's 
continued occupation of Chinese Manchuria, and Russian and Japanese 
rivalry for the exploitation and control of Korea. The chief centers of 
the war were the river Yalu, which separates Korea from Manchuria; 
Port Arthur and Dalny; Mukden and Harbin; and the Sea of Japan, 
which was the scene of Admiral Togo's great victory over the Russian 
fleet. The territorial results of the war are shown upon the main map. 

QUESTIONS 

Point out and describe the colonial possessions of each of the 
European Powers as they existed in 1914, telling what you can of (1) 
the time and circumstances of their acquisition, (2) the character of 
their government, (3) their value to the mother country. 

Point out the "Bagdad Railway." How did it contribute to bring 
on the War of 1914? Point out other regions in which rivalry of the 
European Powers contributed to the war. 



MAP 23— EUROPE IN 1914 

MAIN Map. This map shows Europe at the outbreak of the 
Great War, and also gathers up the territorial changes made since 1815. 
It should be compared with the map for that date (Map 16). 

The following changes should be noted: (1) Belgium and the 
Netherlands, which had been united under a single rule in 1815, had 
been separated since 1831. (2) Norway and Sweden, which also 
were united in 1815, separated in 1905 through the secession of Nor- 
way. (3) France, which was a monarchy in 1815, had become a 
republic in 1870. Its territory was increased on the southeast through 
the annexation of Savoy and Nice from Sardinia-Piedmont in 1 860 ; 
and decreased further north by the cession of Alsace-Lorraine to Ger- 
many in 1871. (4) Germany, which was united with a portion of the 
Austrian lands under the German Confederation in 1815, now consti- 
tutes a separate empire, smaller in extent on the south, but enlarged to 
the northeast and the north, and very much more powerful than was ever 
the case with the German Confederation. (5) The Austrian lands now 
constitute (since 1867) the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. These 
lands are decreased on the one side through the loss of Lombardy and 
Venetia, but are increased toward the southeast through the annexation 
of Bosnia (1908). (6) Italy, which was a mere "geographical expres- 
sion" in 1815, divided up among a half dozen separate states, now 
constitutes a single monarchy, which includes the whole of the peninsula 
from the Alps to the Strait of Messina, together with the islands of 
Sicily and Sardinia. The little republic of San Marino alone inter- 
rupts this complete political union. (7) Spain remains practically un- 
changed, so far as its European possessions are concerned, but it has 
gained a small strip of the African shore by way of some slight compensa- 
tion for the loss of its colonial empire. (8) Portugal is unchanged, 
except that it is a republic (since 1910) instead of a monarchy. (9) 
Russia shows almost the same area in Europe as in 1815; its only gain 

99 



100 EUROPEAN HISTORY MAPS 

is a small district lying north of the mouth of the Danube, which was 
acquired from Roumania in 1878, and certain annexations at the eastern 
extremity of the Black Sea, made from Turkey at the same time. ( 1 0) 
The Balkan Peninsula presents a very different aspect from that of 
1815, since here we see the rise of the new Christian states — Greece, 
Serbia, Bulgaria, Roumania, Montenegro, and Albania (see Map 21). 

The Mediterranean coast of Africa likewise shows a great change 
from 1815. (1) Egypt, through revolt from Turkey, had become a 
self-governing Turkish province under its hereditary Khedive; the dis- 
orders of this government, however, forced Britain and France to inter- 
fere, and since 1882 it was under British occupation, without, how- 
ever, overthrowing the khedival government. (2) Algeria and Tunis 
were conquered from Turkey by France, the one in 1 834 and the other 
in 1881 ; French colonization made rapid progress, and these regions 
in 1914 were reckoned integral parts of the French Republic. (3) 
Tripoli was taken from Turkey by Italy in 1912-13; it still remained 
but half subdued in 1914. (4) Morocco maintained its separate line 
of rulers, but for more than a decade it had gradually been coming under 
the influence of France and of Spain, who finally reached a partition 
agreement in 1912. This recovery of the northern coast of Africa 
for Christian rule and European civilization, after more than a thousand 
years of Mohammedan rule and barbarism, was one of the achievements 
of the nineteenth century which should not be forgotten. 

Note the appearance upon this map of the Suez Canal (1869) and 
the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal (1895; see also Map 20). 'The Kiel 
(Kaiser Wilhelm) Canal greatly increases the practical naval strength 
of Germany. . . . The cutting of the Isthmus of Suez has almost 
revolutionized one-half of ocean commerce, and has modified profoundly 
many political conditions which depend on geographical facts." 
(George, Relations of Geography and History, p. 15.) Compare the 
importance of the Panama Canal (1913), shown on Map 22. 

INSET. The inset to this map illustrates the Siege of Paris in 
1870-71. The area of the city, with its walls, is here shown, together 
with the German lines established for its siege, which lasted from Sep- 
tember 19, 1870, to January 28, 1871. The downfall of Paris marks 



TEACHER'S MANUAL 101 

the final overthrow of the French cause and the triumph of Germany 
in the war. The chief places in the environs of Paris are shown, to 
make more intelligible the accounts of the military operations. 

QUESTIONS 

Bound each of the European countries as it existed in 1914. Point 
out the changes which had taken place since 1815. What special guar- 
antees protected Belgium and Switzerland? What reason, growing 
out of Germany's location and boundaries, could be alleged for her 
militaristic policy ? Point out the three states which constituted the Triple 
Alliance. The three which made up the Triple Entente. What is the 
quickest way to go from London to Port Said? From Paris to St. 
Petersburg? From Hamburg to Constantinople? How far was the 
Bagdad Railway constructed in 1914? 



INDEX 



Abbassids, 20 

Acre, fall of, 44 

Adrianople, 94; battle of, 15 

Africa, northern, Mohammedans in, 
20; in 1914, 100 

Africa, partition of, 97 

Agincourt, battle of, 41 

Alamannians, 19, 24 

Alaska, 96 

Alaric, 15 

Albania, 32; principality, 94 

Albigensian Crusade, 40 

Alderney, island of, 79 

Alexandria, 48 

Alfred, king, 34-5 

Algeria, conquered by France, 100 

Almoravids, 30 

Alsace-Lorraine, 21; gained by 
France, 60, 63 ; taken from France 
by Germany, 90; imperial land, 
90; industries of, 91. 

Ancona, 86 

Angora, battle of, 44 

Angles, in Britain, 16, 20, 33. See 
also Saxons. 

Anhalt, Duchy of, 90 

Anjou, County of, 39, 40 

Anjou, French House of, 43, 51 

Antioch, Principality of, 31 

Acquitaine, Duchy of, 39, 41 

Arabia, under Mohammed, 30 

Aragon, House of, 43, 45 

Aragon, Kingdom of, 30, 43-4 

Aries, Kingdom of, 25 

Armada, the Great, 52 

Armenia, Mohammedan conquest of, 
30 

Astrakhan, Khanate of, 52 

Asturias, Kingdom of, 20 

Attila, 16, 19 

Augustine, missionary, 34 

Austerlitz, battle of, 71 

Austria, March of, 25; in 16th cen- 
tury, 54 ; threatened by Turks, 61 ; 
war over succession, 63 ; chief 
power of southern Germany, 62, 



64; gains in 18th century, 63; 
helps partition Poland, 64-5 ; loses 
parts of Poland, 71 ; made Austri- 
an Empire, 72, 89; absorbs Cra- 
cow, 75; driven out of Italy, 86-7, 
99 ; Seven Weeks 7 War with Prus- 
sia, 87, 90; gains from Turkey, 94; 
Balkan policy of, 94-5 ; forms Dual 
Monarchy, 99 ; annexes Bosnia and 
Herzegovina, 99 
Austria-Hungary, Dual Monarchy of, 

99 
Austrian Succession, war of, 63 
Avignon, 52; gained by France, 75 

Baden, Grand Duchy of, 75, 90; in- 
dustries of, 91 

Bagdad, 20; Caliphate of, 30; rail- 
way, 98 

Bahamas, islands, 69 

Balearic Islands, 50 

Balkan States, 1683-1878, 93; after 
1878, 93-5; wars of, 1912-13, 94; 
part in causing War of 1914, 94-5 ; 
in 1914, 100 

Barbados, 69 

Barcelona, County of, 31 

Basel, 47 

Bavaria, 43, 51; Stem Duchy, 24; 
in 16th century, 54; gains in 1648, 
60; gains through Napoleon, 72; 
after 1815, 75; Kingdom, 90; in- 
dustries of, 91 

Bavarian East March, 25 

Belgium, united to Holland, 75; se- 
cedes, 75, 91, 99; industries of, 
91-2; Congo Colony of, 96 

Benevento, Duchy of, 21 

Berlin, Congress of, 93 

Bernadotte, Prince, 72 

Bernicia, 33 

Bessarabia, 94 

Birmingham (Eng.) 83 

Bismarck, Prussian minister, 89-90 

Blois, County of, 40 

Bllicher, Prussian commander, 73-4 



103 



104 



INDEX 



Boer republics, 97 

Bohemia, 25; acquired by Haps- 
burgs, 51, 55 

Bombay, British in, 69 

Bonaparte, Jerome, 71 

Bonaparte, Joseph, 71 

Bonaparte, Louis, King of Holland, 
71 

Bonaparte, Napoleon (see 
Napoleon I) 

Bosnia, 43; annexed by Austria, 94 

Bourbon, County of, 40 

Bourbon, House of, 52, 63, 75, 86 

Brandenburg, March of, 25, 43, 51; 
in 16th century, 54; acquired by 
Hohenzollerns, 55; gains in 1648, 
60; chief power of northern Ger- 
many, 62. See also Prussia. 

Brazil, 68, 96 

Bremen, 60, 71, 90 

Brenner Pass, 47 

Bretigny, Peace of, 41, 44 

Britain, 16. See also Great Britain 

British Empire, founded, 64; growth 
of, 96 

British Isles, 78-81 

Brunswick, 54, 90 

Bryce, James, quoted, 25, 43 

Bulgarians, first Kingdom of, 31; 
second Kingdom of, 44; in 1878, 
93; independent, 94; enlarged, 94; 
cessions to Eoumania, 94 

Bundesrath, German, 90 

Burgundian lands, under Charles V, 
50 

Burgundians, 16, 17, 19 

Burgundy, various meanings of, 25; 
Kingdom of, 22, 25-6, 41; ab- 
sorbed by France, 43; French 
Duchy of, 26, 40, 41; Free Coun- 
ty of (Franche Comte), 50, 54, 
62 

Cabot, John, voyages of, 67 

Cairo, Caliphate of, 30 

Calcutta, British in, 69; Black Hole 

of, 69 
Calmar, Union of, 44 
Cambridge University, Parliamentary 

representation of, 80 
Campo Formio, Treaty of, 72 
Canada, gained by Great Britain, 64 
Canterbury, 34; Province of, 57 
Canute, King, 35 



Cape of Good Hope, 67, 68; gained 
by Great Britain, 76, 96 

Carinthia, Duchy of, 25 

Carniola, 25 

Castile, County of, 30; Kingdom, 44 

Castles, erected by William the Con- 
queror, 37 

Catharine II, of Bussia, 64, 72 

Cavour, unifies Italy, 87 

Celts, in Britain, 34, 35 

Central Europe, population densi- 
ties of, 91 

Ceylon, held by Dutch, 68 ; gained by 
British, 96 

Champagne, County of, 40 

Channel Islands, 79 

Charlemagne, 19, 20, 22, 25 ; crowned 
Emperor, 20; partition of his Em- 
pire, 20-21 

Charles Martel, 20 

Charles the Bald, Emperor, 21 

Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, 
41 

Charles I, of England, 58 

Charles IV, Emperor, 25, 43 

Charles V, Emperor, 50-2 

Charles VII, of France, 41 

China, visited by Marco Polo, 67; 
commerce with in Middle Ages, 
48; war with Japan, 97; Repub- 
lic, 97 

Chios, island of, 94 

Christianity, spread of, 17, 23, 25, 
68; Catholic, 34; Roman intro- 
duced to England, 34 

Cinque Ports, 37 

Cities, medieval, 47-49; imperial in 
16th century, 54 

Civil War, English, 58 

Cleves-Julich lands, gains of Brand- 
enburg in, 60 

Coal areas, in Great Britain, 82-3 ; of 
Alsace-Lorraine and Ehenish Prus- 
sia, 91 

Columbus, voyages of, 48, 51, 67 

Commerce, medieval, 47-9; develop- 
ment of Atlantic routes, 48 

Confederation of the Rhine, 71, 73 

Congo Free State, 96 

Connaught, 79 

Conrad II, Emperor, 26 

Constantinople, position of, 15; fall 
of, 44, 48 

Cook, Captain James, voyages of, 67 



INDEX 



105 



Cordova, Caliphate of, 20 

Corsica, 44 

Cotton industry, in Great Britain, 

83; in Germany, 91 
Courland, 52 
Cracow, 47; made free state (till 

1846), 75 
Croatia, 31 
Crete, 32, 94 
Crimea, Khanate of, 52 
Crimean "War, 76 
Cromwell, Oliver, 58, 79 
Crusades, 30-2; Albigensian, 40 
Cuba, held by Spain, 69; liberated, 

96 
Culloden, battle of, 78 

Dalmatia, acquired by Venice, 45 ; in 
1863, 93 

Danelaw, 35 

Danes, in England, 34-5 

Dauphine, 41 

Deira, 33 

Denmark, 44; in union with Nor- 
way, 71; loses Schleswig-Holstein, 
90 

Dobrudja, 94 

Domain, French royal, 40 

Domestic system of manufactures, 83 

Drake, Sir Francis, 67 

Ducal Saxony, 56 

East Anglia, Kingdom of, 33 

East Goths, 16, 17, 19 

Eastern Association, 58 

Eastern Eoman Empire, in 395 A. D., 
15; small effect of Teutonic inva- 
sions, 17; Mohammedan conquests 
in, 19; rule over Venice, 21; after 
First Crusade, 32, 44 

Eastern Eoumelia, 94 

East India Company (British), 69, 
97 

East Prussia, origin, 52 

Ecclesiastical states, 54, 72 

Edward the Confessor, 35, 36 

Edward I, of England, 39 

Edward III, of England, 41 

Edessa, County of, 31 

Eleanor of Acquitaine, 39 

Egypt, Mohammedan conquest of, 
30; British occupation of, 97, 100 

Elba, island of, 73 

Electoral Saxony, 56 



England, Eoman roads in, 33; under 
the Saxons, 33-5; Norman con- 
quest of, 30, 35-37; in the Middle 
Ages, 39-40 ; medieval fairs in, 47 ; 
under Tudors and Stuarts, 57-8; 
industries in 1700, 82-4; in 1916, 
82-4 

Epirus, 32 

Eritrea, gained by Italy, 96 

Essex, Kingdom of, 33 

Europe, in time of Barbarian inva- 
sions, 15-16; about 476, 16-7; in 
526, 17; in 565, 19; in 568, 19; in 
time of Charlemagne, 19-21; at 
First Crusade, 30-1; in 1360, 43- 
44; in 1519, 50-3; in 1648, 60-2; in 
1740, 63-5; in 1810, 71-3; after 
1815, 75-6; in 1914, 99-100 

Europeanization of world, 67, 96-7 

Factory system, 83 

Fairs, medieval, 47 

Ferdinand I, Emperor, 51, 55 

Ferdinand of Aragon, 50 

Ferrara, Duchy of, 45 

Finland, under Sweden, 60; annexed 

to Eussia, 75 
First Crusade, results of, 31 
Flanders, County of, 40; manufac- 
tures of, 49 
Florence, Eepublic of, 45, 49 
Florida, held by Great Britain, 68 
Formosa, gained by Japan, 97 
Fourth Crusade, results of, 32 
France, in 1097, 30; English pos- 
sessions in, 40, 41; in 16tn cen- 
tury, 52 ; gains in 1648, 60 ; ascen- 
dancy begun, 61, 64; gains Al- 
sace and Lorraine, 63; conflict 
with Great Britain for colonial 
dominion, 68; cast out of North 
America, 68; colonies in 1763, 68, 
69; in 1815, 75; aids unification 
of Italy, 86-7; colonies of, 96; 
Eepublic of, 99; Savoy and Nice 
gained, 99; Alsace-Lorraine lost, 
99; gains Algeria and Tunis, 100 
Franche Comte, under Charles V, 50, 

54; gained by France, 62 
Francis II, last Holy Eoman Em- 
peror, 89 
Franco-German War, 87, 90 
Franconia, Stem Duchy, 23, 54 
Frankfort, annexed by Prussia, 90 



106 



INDEX 



Frankfort, Peace of, 90 
Franks, 16, 17, 19, 20-21, 23 
Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor, 27 
Frederick II, Emperor, 27 
Frederick II, the Great, King of 

Prussia, 61 
Freeman, E. A., quoted, 17, 61 
French Kevolution, of 1789, 65, 71 
French Kevolution, wars of, 63 
Friesland, 24 

Gallipoli, 44 

Gama, Vasco da, voyage of, 67 

Genoa, growth of, 44, 45; commerce 
in Middle Ages, 47-8; gained by 
King of Sardinia, 75, 86 

Geoffrey of Anjou, 39 

Geography and history, 4 

Geographical discoveries, of 15-16 
centuries, 48 

George, H. B., quoted, 4, 24, 100 

George, Duke of Saxony, 56 

Geneva, annexed to Swiss Confedera- 
tion, 75 

German East Africa, 97 

German Southwest Africa, 97 

Germany, Stem Duchies in, 22-4; 
eastward expansion of, 25; union 
with Italy in' the Middle Ages, 26; 
under Charles V, 51, 54-56; disin- 
tegrating influences in, 55; effect 
of Eeformation, 55; reorganized 
by Napoleon, 72-3; uprising in 
1813, 73; Confederation of 1815, 
75, 76, 89; Kevolution of 1848-9, 
89 ; Prussian Zollverein, 89 ; Aus- 
tria expelled from, 90 ; war with 
France, 90; Empire formed, 90, 
99 ; states of, 90 ; Prussia controls, 
90; industries and population of, 
91; Balkan policy of, 95; colonies 
of, 96 

Gibraltar, gained by Great Britain, 
64 

Godwine, Earl, 35 

Golden Bull, 43 

Golden Horde of Tartars, 52 

Goa, Portuguese in, 69 

Granada, Kingdom of, 44; conquest 
of, 50 

Great Britain, connection with Han- 
over, 62; gains in 1713, 64; gains 
Canada and India, 64, 68; colon- 
ies in 1763, 68, 69; in 1810, 72; 



gains in 1815, 76; industries, 82-4; 

colonial empire of, 84; and Ionian 

Islands, 93; occupies Egypt, 97; 

conquers Transvaal and Orange 

Free State, 97; rule in India, 97-8 
Greece, gains independence, 93, 95; 

enlarged, 94; 
Gregory VII, Pope, 27 
Guadeloupe, 69 
Guernsey, island of, 79 
Guiana, Dutch, 68 
Guiana, French, 69 
Gustavus Adolphus, campaigns of, 

61 
Guthrum, Danish king, 34 

Haiti, 68, 69 

Hamburg, 47, 71, 90 

Hanover, Electorate of, connection 
with Great Britain, 62; made 
Kingdom, 76; given East Fries- 
land, 76; separated from Great 
Britain, 76; annexed by Prussia, 
90 

Hapsburg, House, 24, 25, 43, 55; 
lands under Charles V, 50; lands 
in 16th century, 54; losses in 1648, 
61; two branches, in 1648, 61; ex- 
tinction of Spanish branch, 63; 
growth of Austrian, 64 

Helgoland, gained by Great Brit- 
ain, 76; surrendered to Germany, 
92 

Henry I, the Fowler, 23 

Henry II, of England, 39-40 

Henry IV, Emperor, 27 

Henry IV, of France, 52 

Henry V, of England, 41 

Herzegovina, annexed by Austria, 94 

Hesse, rise of, 54; Grand Duchy of, 
90 

Hesse-Nassau, annexed by Prussia, 
90 

Hanseatic League, 47-8 

Harold, of England, 36 

Harold Hardrada, 36 

Hispaniola (see Haiti) 

Hohenstaufen House, 24; in South- 
ern Italy, 43 

Hohenzollern House, 24, 43, 52, 55 

Holland, 24 ; Kingdom of, 71 ; united 
with Belgium, 75; separated from 
Belgium, 91; colonies of, 96 

Holstein, annexed by Prussia, 90 



INDEX 



107 



Holy Eoman Empire, 22-7, 31, 41; 
conflict with Papacy, 27; in 14th 
century, 43; under Charles V, 55; 
dismemberment of, 60, 61, 62, 64; 
dissolved in 1806, 75; Voltaire on, 
89 

Honduras, British, 69 

Hospitaler, Knights, 44 

Hudson's Bay territory, gained by 
Great Britain, 64 

Hugh Capet, 40 

Hundred Years' War, 40, 44 

Hungary, formation of, 31; King- 
dom of, 43; passes to Haps- 
burgs, 51, 55; recovery from 
Turks, 65; forms Dual Monarchy 
with Austria, 99 

Huns, 15, 16 

Illyrian Provinces, 71, 75 

India, commerce with in Middle 
Ages, 48; visited by Vasco da 
Gama, 67; British triumph in, 64, 
68 ; under Clive and Hastings, 69 ; 
growth of British rule in, 96; Mu- 
tiny in, 97*8 

Indo-China, French in, 96 

Industrial Revolution, 82 

Industries, medieval, 47-9 

Ingria, 60 

Investiture conflict, 27 

Iona, island of, 34 

Ionian Islands, under British suzer- 
ainty, 1815-64, 76, 93 

"Iron Crown" of Italy, 26 

Iron deposits, of Alsace-Lorraine, 
91 ; of Belgium, 91 

Iron manufactures, of Great Brit- 
ain, 83 ; of Germany and Belgium, 
91 

Ireland, subjected by Henry II, 39; 
Celtic clans and Norman families, 
78; the "Pale" in 1515, 78; in 
1641, 79; Tudor and Stuart plan- 
tations in, 78-9; Parliamentary 
reform in, 79-80 

Isabella of Castile, 50 

Ishmail, Shah, 52 

Italy, Kingdom of (Charlemagne's) 
26; in Holy Boman Empire, 26; 
Southern Italy, 19, 22, 31 ; in 14th 
century, 48; in 15th century, 45; 
Charles V and, 50-2; in 16th cen- 
tury, 53; Kingdom of, under Na- 



poleon, 71; War of 1859 in, 86; 
unification of, 86-7, 99; popula- 
tion densities of (1916), 87-8; un- 
redeemed portions of, 87; Balkan 
policy of, 94-5; colonies of, 96 
Italia Irredenta, 87 

Jamaica, 69 

James I, King of England, 79 

Japan, gains Formosa and Korea, 

97 ; war with Russia, 98 
Jena, battle of, 71, 89 
Jersey, island of, 31 
Joan of Arc, 41 
John of England, 40 
Joseph II, Emperor, 64 
Justinian, Emperor, 19 
Jutes, in Britain, 33 

Kaiser Wilhelm Canal, 100 

Kamerun, German colony, 97 

Kazan, Khanate of, 52 

Kent, Kingdom of, 33 

Kiaochow, seized by Germany, 98 

Kiel Canal, 100 

King of the Romans, title of Em- 
peror-elect of Holy Roman Em- 
pire, 22 

Knights Hospitaler, 44 

Korea, gained by Japan, 97, 98 

Lancaster, House of, 57 

Languedoc, 40 

Latin Empire of Constantinople, 32 

Leeds (Eng.) 83 

Leinster, 79 

Leipzig, 47, 56 

Leopold II, of Belgium, 96 

Lesczinski, Stanislaus, 63 

Liechtenstein, Principality of, 91 

Ligny, battle of, 73 

Lindisfarne, island of, 34 

Linen industry, in Middle Ages, 48 

Lippe, Principality of, 90 

Lithuania, gained to Poland, 44 

Livonia, 52; gained by Sweden, 60; 
to Russia, 64 

Lombard League, 27 

Lombards, 19, 20, 21, 26 

Lombardy, 43 ; annexed to Austria, 
75; annexed to Sardinia-Piedmont, 
86 

London, under Romans, 33; med- 
ieval, 28, 47; "city" of, 80, 83 



108 



INDEX 



Leo IV, Pope, 27 

Leon, Kingdom of, 30 

Leonine City, 27 

Lorraine, Upper and Lower, 24; 
Lower, 54; Upper in 16th cen- 
tury, 54; French gains in, 62; 
passes to France, 63; part taken 
by Germany, 99 

Lothair, Emperor, 21 

Louis the German, 21 

Louis VII, of France, 39 

Louis XIV, of France, gains of, 62 

Louis XVIII, King of France, 75 

Liibeck, free town, 90; under Na- 
poleon, 71 

Liitzen, battle of, 61 

Lusatia, gained by Saxony, 61 

Luxemburg, 54; under Charles V, 50 

Luxemburg, House of, 43 

Lyons, 47 

McAdam, road builder, 84 

Mackinder, H. J., quoted, 57 

Madras, British in, 69 

Madagascar, gained by France, 96 

Magdeburg, 47; gained by Branden- 
burg, 60 

Magellan, voyages of, 67 

Maine, County of, 39, 40 

Manchester, (Eng.), 83 

Manchuria, Chinese, Eussian occupa- 
tion of, 98 

Mantua, Marquisate of, 45 

Manufactures, medieval, 48-9; Ital- 
ian, 87; British, 83; German, 91 

Marattas, Confederacy of, 69 

"Marches," German, 25 

Maria Theresa, Queen, 64 

Martinique, 69 

Mary of Burgundy, 50 

Maurice of Saxony, 56 

Maximilian I, Emperor, 50 

Mercia, Kingdom of, 33 

Mecklenburg- Schwerin, Grand 
Duchy of, 90 

Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Grand Duchy 
of, 90 

Metz, gained by France, 60 

Mexico, held by Spain, 68 

Milan, city of, 47, 87 

Milan, Duchy of, 45 ; gained by Aus- 
tria, 63. See also Lombardy 

Minorca, gained by Great Britain, 
64 



Mitylene, island of, 94 

Modena, Duchy of, 45; annexed to 

Sardinia-Piedmont, 86 
Moesia, 15 
Mogul Empire, 69 
Mohacs, battle of, 51 
Mohammed, 20 
Mohammedans, conquests of, 19, 20, 

30; in Spain, 44 
Moldavia, 43 
Monasteries, dissolved by Henry 

VIII, 57 
Montenegro, in 1683, 93; indepen- 
dent, 94; enlarged, 94 
Montferrat, Marquisate of, 45 
Moravia, 25; passes to Hapsburgs, 

51 
Morocco, rivalry over, 97; in 1914, 

100 
Moscow, Napoleon's expedition to, 

73 
Muir, Ramsey, quoted, 51 
Munster, 79 

Murat, Joachim, King of Naples, 71 
Mutiny, in India, 97 

Naples, Kingdom of, 26, 43, 75, 87; 
united with Sicily, 45; under 
Charles V, 50; after 1815, 75; 
united to Kingdom of Italy, 87 

Napoleon I, 86, 89; Europe under, 
71-4 

Napoleon III, 86 

Naseby, battle of, 58 

Navarre, Kingdom of, 30, 44, 52 

Negropont, 32 

Netherlands, 47, 50; under Charles 
V, 50, 54; woolen manufactures in 
Middle Ages, 49; divided in 1648, 
61; Kingdom of, 1815-30, 75 

Netherlands, Austrian, after 1713, 
63; French gains in, 62; under 
Napoleon I, 71 

Netherlands, Dutch (United), inde- 
pendence gained, 61; colonies of, 
68; under Napoleon I, 71; King- 
dom after 1815, 91;- separation of 
Belgium from, 99 

Netherlands, Spanish, in 1648, 61; 
French gains in, 62; given to Aus- 
tria, 63. (See also Belgium) 

Neuchatel, 91; added to Swiss Con- 
federation, 75 



INDEX 



109 



Newfoundland, gained by Great 

Britain, 64 
New Zealand, 96; acquired by Great 

Britain, 67 
Nieaea, Empire of, 32 
Nice, ceded to France, 86 
Noricum, 15 

Normandy, Duchy of, 30, 39, 40 
Normans, in Southern Italy, 26-7, 

31, 43 
North German Confederation, 90 
Northumbria, Kingdom of, 33 
North Wales, 34, 39 
Norway, in Union of Calmar, 44; in 

union with Denmark, 71; united 

with Sweden, 75; secedes, 99 
Norwich (Eng.), 83 
Nottingham Forest, 83 
Novgorod, 47 
Nuremburg, 47 
Nystadt, Peace of, 64 

Odoacer, 16, 17 
Off a 'a Dyke, 34 

Oldenburg, Grand Duchy of, 90 
Ommiads, 20 
Orange Free State, 97 
Orange, Principality of, 52 
Otto I, Emperor, 22, 26 
Oxford University, Parliamentary 
representation of, 80 

Palatinate of Ehine, 54, 60 

Palatinate, Upper, 54, 60 

Palatine earldoms, in England, 36 

Panama Canal, 100 

Pannonia, 15, 16, 19 

Papal States, 26, 27, 31 ; in 15th cen- 
tury; restored in 1815, 75; after 
1815, 86; annexed to Kingdom of 
Italy, 87 

Papacy, 22, 26, 51; suzerainty over 
Naples and Sicily, 26; conflicts 
with medieval Empire, 27 

Paris, 47 ; during French Eevolution, 
65; siege of (1870-71), 100-1 

Paris, Peace of (1763), 68-9 

Parliament, in English Civil "War, 58 

Parliamentary Eeform Act of 1832, 
79-80; of 1867 and of 1884-5, 81 

Parma, annexed to Sardinia-Pied- 
mont, 86 

Partition of Verdun, 21, 22, 26, 40, 
62 



Peninsular War, 72, 73 

Pennine chain, 83 

Persia, Mohammendan conquest of, 
30 ; under Shah Ishmail, 52 ; Eussia 
and. Great Britain in, 97 

Peter the Great, of Kussia, 64, 72 

Philip Augustus, of France, 40 

Philip II, King of Spain, 52 

Philippine Islands, acquired by 
Spain, 67, 68; gained by United 
States, 96 

Picts, 34, 37 

Piedmont, 75, 86. See also Savoy, 
Sardinia 

Plantagenet, House of, 39 

Poitou, County of, 40 

Poland, formation of, 31; annexa- 
tion of Lithuania to, 44; losses in 
1648, 60, 61; partitions of, 64-5; 
promises to in War of 1914, 65 

Polo, Marco, 67 

Pomerania, 31, 43; Eastern, gained 
by Brandenburg, 60; Western, 
gained by Sweden, 60 

Pondicherry, French in, 69 

Port Arthur, Eussians in, 98 

Porto Eico, held by Spain, 69; an- 
nexed to United States, 96 

Portugal, County of, 30; Kingdom 
of, 44; colonies in 1763, 68; in 
1810, 72; colonies of in. 1914, 96; 
Eepublic, 99 

Provence, 43 

Prussia, Teutonic Knights in, 43; 
secularized, 55; growth of, 60; 
East Prussia joined to Branden- 
burg, 60; becomes kingdom, 63; 
partitions Poland, 64-5; leader- 
ship in Germany, 64; loses parts 
of Poland, 71; gains through 
Napoleon 's reorganizations, 72 ; 
after Jena, 71, 89; gains in 1815, 
89; founds Z Oliver ein, 89; Bis- 
marck's measures, 89; defeats 
Austria, 90; gains in 1866, 90; 
defeats France, 90; preponder- 
ance in new Empire, 90; held 
Neuchatel, 91 

Quatre Bras, battle of, 73 

Eaetia, 15 

Eailroads, in Great Britain, 84 



110 



INDEX 



Beforniation. German, 50, 51, 53, 
54-6 

Reichstag, German, 90 

Eenaissance in Italy, 45, 49, 50, 53; 
Eome in. 27-8 

Khenish Prussia, industries of, 91 

Eeuss (Elder Line), Principality of. 
90 

Eeuss (Younger Line), Principality 
of, 90 

Bhodes. Island of. 32, 44 

Bhine, Confederation of the, 71 

Boads, Eoman. 33, 84; in Middle 
Ages. 47 ; in Great Britain, 84 

Romagna, the, 86, 87 

Eoman Empire, in 375 A. D., 15. 
See also Eastern Eoman Empire 
and Western Eoman Empire 

Eoman Wall, in Britain, 34 

Eome, 15, 86, 57: in Middle Ages, 
27-8; imder Napoleon, 71 

Eoumania, gains independence, 93 

Eoussillon, County of, 52 ; gained by 
Prance, 62 

Eoutes, commercial, in the Middle 
Ages, 47-8 

Russia, formation of. 31; before 
17th century. 52: in 164S. 60, 61; 
gains in 1721. 64: partitions 
Poland. 64-5; in 1810, 72: gains 
Finland. 75 : and Grand Duchy of 
Warsaw, 75: and Bessarabia, 75; 
wars with Turkey. 93. 95; gains 
from Turkey. 93 : Balkan policy, 
94-5; expansion in Asia. 97; war 
with Japan. 98; in 1914. 99-100; 
Eusso-Japanese War, 98 

St. Angelo, castle of, 28 
St. John. Knights of, 44 
St. Helena. Xapoleon*s exile to, 73 
St. Peter "s. old basilica of, 27 
San Marino, Eepublic of, 87 
San Stefano, Treaty of, 93, 94 
Saladin. Empire of, 31 
Salian line of Emperors, 23 
Saluzzo. Marquisate of. 45 
Saracens. See Mohammedans 
Sardinia, 19: under Charles V, 50; 
annexed to Savov. and made king- 
dom, 63; in 1810. 72; Kingdom 
of after 1815, 86; unites Italy, 
86-7 
Sayoy, Duchy of, 45: under Xa- 



poleon, 71; after 1815, 75; Duke 
of. becomes King of Sardinia, 63; 
ceded to France. 86 

Saxe-Altenburg, Duchy of, 90 

Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Duchy of, 90 

Saxe-Meiiiingen. Duchy of, 90 

Saxon Xorth March, 25 

Saxons in Britain. 16. 17, 20, 33-5 

Saxons (in Germany;, 20 

Saxony, Stem Duchy, 23, 51 ; shift 
of name. 24 : in 16th century, 54, 
55-6: Ernestine, 56 ; Albertine, 56 ; 
gains in 1648, 61; gains in 1815, 
75: Kingdom of, 90; industries in, 
91 

Saxony. Prussian, industries of, 91 

Schaumburg-Lippe, Principality of, 
90 

Schleswig. annexed by Prussia, 90 

Schmalkaldic War, 56 

Sehwarzburg-Budolstadt, Principal- 
ity of, 90 

Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Princi- 
pality of, 90 

Scotland, formation of, 37; aids Par- 
liamentarians in English Civil 
War, 58 : Highland clans and Low- 
land families in, 78: Jacobite ris- 
ing of, 1745. 78: Parliamentary 
reform in. 79-80 

Scots, 34. 37 

Scutari (Albania), 94 

Sebastopol, siege of, 76 

Sepoy rebellion, 97 

Serbia, formation of, 31 ; under 
Stephen Dushan, 44; gains inde- 
pendence. 93 ; enlarged, 94 

Seyen Weeks ' War, 87, 90 

Seyen Years' War, 63, 64, 68-9 

Sforzas, Dukes of Milan, 45 

Sicily, 19, 26: Kingdom of, 43; 
united to Xaples, 45; under 
Charles V. 50 ; in 1810, 72 

Siena, Eepublic of, 45 

Silesia, 43 : acquired by Hapsburgs, 
50. oo ; gained by Prussia, 64 

Silistria,' 94 

Silk industry, in Middle Ages, 48 ; in 
Great Britain, 84 

Slayic peoples, in 800, 19, 20, 25 

Solemn League and Coyenant, 58 

Solyman the Magnificent, 51 

Somaliland, Italians in, 96 

South America, 96 



INDEX 



111 



Southern Italy, 26-7. See also Na- 
ples and Sicily 

Spain, Mohammedans in, 20; growth 
of Christian states in, 30; united 
under Ferdinand and Isabella, 50; 
American possessions, 50-51; de- 
cline of, 61; loses United (Dutch) 
Netherlands, 61; other losses, 62; 
war over succession, 63; French 
(Bourbon) prince secures throne, 
63 ; colonies in 1763, 68, 69 ; under 
Joseph Bonaparte, 71; after 1815, 
75; present colonies of, 96; war 
with United States, 97; in 1911, 
99 

Spanish March, 20, 10 

Stanley, Henry M., 96 

States, rise of consolidated, 52 

Stem Duchies, break up of, 51 

Stephen Dushan, 11, 91 

Stourbridge, fair at, 47 

Strassburg, 17; gained by France, 
63 

Strassburg oaths, 21 

Strathclyde, 31 

Stuart, House of, 78, 79 

Styria, 25 

Sueves, 16, 17 

Suez Canal, 95, 100 

Sussex, Kingdom of, 33 

Swabia, Duchy, 23-1, 54 

Sweden, Kingdom of, 44; revolt 
from Denmark, 52; gains in 1648, 
60 ; in 1810, 72 ; united with Nor- 
way, 75; separated, 99 

Swiss Confederation, 44-5; in 1648, 
61 ; increased to nineteen cantons, 
71; to twenty-two cantons, 75 

Syagrius, 16 

Syria, Mohammedan conquest of, 30 

Tamerlane, 14 

Telford, road builder, 84 

Teutonic Knights, Order of, 43 ; 
secularization of lands, 52; dis- 
solution of, 55 

Theodoric the East Goth, 17, 19 

Thirty Years ' War, 61 

Thuringia, 19, 23 

Tilsit, Treaty of, 89 

Timur, the Tartar, 44 

Toul, gained by France, 60 

Toulouse, County of, 40 

Tours, battle of, 20 



Touraine, Coimty of, 39, 40 

Trans-Siberian Eailway, 97 

Transvaal, 97 

Trebizond, Empire of, 32 

Tripoli, crusading County of, 31 

Tripoli (Africa), won bv Italy, 96, 
100 

Troves, treaty of, 41 

Tunis, annexed by France, 100 

Turin, 87 

Turkish Empire, in 1683, 93; losses 
of, 75, 93; war of Bussia with 
(1877-8), 93; after Treaty of Ber- 
lin, 93; Eevolution in, 94; loses 
Tripoli, 96; following treaties of 
1913, 94 

Turks, Ottoman, rise of, 44, 48; con- 
quests of, 50, 51; in 17th century, 
61 ; decline after 1683, 65 

Turks, Seljuks, 30 

Tuscany, Duchy of, 26, 43 ; given to 
Francis of Lorraine, 63 : under 
Napoleon, 71; after 1815, 75; 
makes part of Kingdom of Italy, 
86 

Two Sicilies, Kingdom of, -^5 ; 
gained by Austria, 63 ; after 1S15, 
86; part of Kingdom of Italy, 87 

Tynedale, 37 

Ulster, 79 

United Netherlands. See Nether- 
lands, United 

United States, 96; war with Spain, 
97 

Urban VIII, Pope, 27 

Utrecht, Peace of, 63 ; results of, 61 

Vandals, 16, 17, 19 

Vasa, Gustavus, 52 

Vatican, 27. 

Venice, rule in Crete, etc., 32; devel- 
opment of, 44; in 15th century, 
45; commerce of in Middle Ages, 
47-8; annexed to Austria, 75; 
after 1815, 86; annexed to King- 
dom of Italy, 87; rules Dalmatia, 
1683, 93; rules Ionian Islands, 93 

Verden, gained by Sweden, 60 

Verdun, Partition of, 21, 22, 26, 40, 
62; gained by France, 60 

Vermandois, County of, 40 

Verona, March of, 26 

Victor Emmanuel II, unifies Italy, 87 



112 



INDEX 



Victoria, Queen, 76 
Vienna, Congress of, 75-6, 86, 89, 91 
Visconti, Dukes of Milan, 45 
Voltaire, quoted, 22 

Waldeck, Principality of, 90 

Wales, Parliamentary representation 
of, 79, 80 

Wallachia, 43 

War of Austrian Succession, 63, 64 

War, Northern, 64; Spanish Succes- 
sion, 63; Seven Years', 63, 64; 
French Eevolution, 63; Thirty 
Years' War, 61; of 1859, 86; of 
1914, 21, 62, 76, 84, 87, 90, 91, 92, 
95, 96, 97, 98, 99 

Warsaw, Grand Duchy of, 71 

Waterloo, battle of, 73-4 

Watling Street, 34-35 

Wei-hai-wei, taken by British, 98 

Wellington, Duke of, 72, 73-4 

Wessex, Kingdom of, 33 

West Goths, 15, 16, 17 

West Indies, 68, 69 

West Wales, 34, 37 



Westphalia, Peace of, 60-61 

Western Eoman Empire, in 393 B. 
C, 15; fall of, 16; revived by 
Charlemagne, 20. See also Holy 
Eoman Empire 

Westphalia, Kingdom of, 71 

Whitby, Synod of, 34 

William, Duke of Normandy, con- 
quers England, 36 

Wittelsbach, House of, 43 

Wittenberg, 56 

Woolen industry, in Middle Ages, 
48; in Great Britain, 83 

Worms, Edict of, 55 

Worstead (Eng.), 83 

Wiirttemberg, rise of, 54; after 
1815, 75; Kingdom of, 90; indus- 
tries of, 91 

York, Province of, 57 
Young Pretender, route of, 78 

Zollverein, German, 89 
Zuider Zee, 24-5 



